The Biology of Moral Systems

acts Alexander altruism approach argue arguments arms race become believe beneficence biologists cause competition complex concept conflicts of interest consciousness cooperation cultural Darwin deception deterrence direct discussion effects egoism environment evolution evolutionary biology evolutionary theory evolved example expected females genes genetic goal human behavior human social Huxley hypothesis ideal immoral indirect reciprocity indiscriminate beneficence individuals interactions investment involved iteroparous Keith kind lifetimes likelihood males mates means monogamy moral and ethical moral philosophers moral systems nations natural selection naturalistic fallacy nepotism nepotistic nonhuman nuclear nuclear war offspring one's organisms ourselves parents person phenotypic polygyny possible problem question reason regard relatives reproductive effort reproductive success rules scientists seek seems self-interest selfish semelparous senescence sense sexual sexual selection significance social behavior society sociobiology somatic effort species strategy suggest survival T. H. Huxley tend tendencies threat tion traits Trivers understanding Univ universal