Land Tenure and Social Transformation in the Middle East

Abū administration agrarian agricultural Ahmad al-Fatāwā al-Hādī al-Hajj al-Mansür al-Sham Aleppo Alī Amir anwatan Arab awlad al-nās Balādhuri Basra Beduin Beirut Bilad al-Sham Biqa Cairo Caliph century cotton countryside crops cultivation Damascus dated Defter documents Dulgadır East economic Egypt Egyptian emir fallāhīn Fatāwā feddans Furaykh Futūh Halm halqa hijrah holders Ibid ibn al-Hanash iltizām Imām iqtā Iraq irrigation Islamic Janissaries Jumādā Khair al-Din labour land tenure landholding large landowners lazma Mamluk miri Muhammad Mujerred multazims Muslim naib Nāsir al-Din Nisba Nuzi officials Ottoman owners ownership Palace Palestine peasants period plots political province Rabī referred region revenue Royal Mamluks rural sarkāls Shawwal shaykhs social sources status Sultan Syria Tapu Defter tax farm tenants territory Thaqif tion town tribal tribes Turkoman Umayyad urban village waqf waqf land Yemen Yūsuf zakāt