ASSISTED BY MORE THAN TWO THOUSAND of the MOST EMINENT SCHOLARS AND AUTHORITIES IN AMERICA AND EUROPE ILLUSTRATED SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN COMPILING DEPARTMENT 225 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK THE AMERICANA DEPARTMENT AND ADVISORY EDITORS ASTRONOMY SIMON NEWCOMB, Ph.D., LL.D., D.Sc. PHILOSOPHY JAMES E. CREIGHTON, A.M., Ph.D. Professor of Philosophy, Cornell University PHYSICS ROBERT S. WOODWARD, Ph.D., LL.D. President of Carnegie Institution PURE MATHEMATICS CASSIUS J. KEYSER, M.A., Ph.D. Adrain Professor of Mathematics, Columbia University EDUCATION ANDREW SLOAN DRAPER, LL.D. Commissioner of Education, State of New York ZOOLOGY DAVID STARR JORDAN, Ph.D., LL.D. President of Leland Stanford Jr. University ENGLISH LITERATURE WILLIAM P. TRENT, A.M., LL.D. Professor of English Literature, Columbia University WILLIAM T. BREWSTER, A.M. Professor of English, Columbia University AMERICAN LITERATURE EDWARD EVERETT HALE, S.T.D., LL.D. Author of "The Man Without a Country" CLASSICAL LITERATURE JAMES H. KIRKLAND, Ph.D., LL.D. Chancellor of Vanderbilt University ARCHITECTURE AND THE FINE ARTS RUSSELL STURGIS, F.A.I.A. REV. P. A. HALPIN Saint Angela's College, New Rochelle, N. Y. MEDICINE SMITH ELY JELLIFFE, M.D., Ph.D. Editor Medical News." CHEMISTRY ALLAN DOUGLAS RISTEEN, Ph.D. Hartford, Conn. MINERALOGY |