CONTENTS. Fiction in relation to Fact.-Information to be gleaned from Novels. -General Characteristics of the Last Century.-Its Coarseness. -Religion.-Love.-Influence of the Age upon Women.-The Essayists.-Hogarth.-Progress of Refinement.-Danger of mis- taking Satire and Caricature for Truth, Dross.-Masquerados.-Drums.-'Pretty Fellows' and 'Maccaro- . 60 94 The Old Romances.-The Female Quixote.'-Novels of the Last Century. Their Coarseness and its Apologists.- Chrysal, or the Adventures of a Guinea.' 'Pompey.' 'The Fool of Mrs. Behn and her Novels.-' Oroonoko.'-' The Wandering Beau- ty.' 'The Unfortunate Happy Lady.'-Mrs. Manley and 'The New Atalantis.'-'The Power of Love in Seven Novels.'-'The Richardson.-' Clarissa Harlowe.'-' Pamela.'-'Sir Charles Grandi- Goldsmith.-'The Vicar of Wakefield.'-Character of Later Novels and Romances.-Mackenzie.-'The Man of Feeling,' 'The Man of the World,' and 'Julia de Roubigné.'-Miss Burney.- NOVELS AND NOVELISTS OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. CHAPTER I. FICTION IN RELATION TO FACT.-INFORMATION TO BE GLEANED FROM NOVELS.-GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LAST CENTURY.-ITS COARSENESS.-RELIGION.-LOVE-INFLUENCE OF THE AGE UPON WOMEN.-THE ESSAYISTS.-HOGARTH.-PROGRESS OF REFINEMENT.-DANGER OF MISTAKING SATIRE AND CARICATURE FOR TRUTH. My object in the following work is to make use of fiction as the exponent of fact, and to show what information is to be gleaned as to the habits and manners and social life of our ancestors from the novels of the last century. If I may be pardoned a legal metaphor, I shall summon the heroes and heroines as well as the authors into court, that they may give evidence as witnesses of a state of society that has passed away-and of which it is difficult now in the many wonderful changes that have since taken place to form a right idea. We may read histories of Eng land, and be familiar with the pages of Cunningham, Belsham, Adolphus, Hume, and Smollett (I mean Smollett, as an historian), and yet be almost entirely ignorant of the manners and habits and mode of life of our forefathers: of their houses and dress: their domestic arrangements and amusements: of the state of religion and morality and all that goes to make up the character of a people. As one of our greatest novelists has said: "Out of the fictitious book I get the expression of the life, of the times, of the manners, of the merriment, of the dress, the pleasures, the laughter, the ridicules of society-the old times live again, and I travel in the old country of England. Can the heaviest historian do more for me?" * I answer, not half so much. The historian tells us of Court factions and political intrigues, and the struggles of an Oligarchy of great families for power-of the Walpoles and Newcastles, and Grenvilles and Pitts-of foreign wars and domestic treason-but little of the condition of the peasantry and life of the people, and absolutely nothing of the state of society in the period. Paradoxical as it may seem, there can be no doubt that fiction is often more truthful than fact. By this I mean that a more correct idea of a period may be formed from a story where the personThackeray, 'English Humorists,' p. 113. # ages and many of the incidents are imaginary, than from a dry, dull narrative of events. The most lifelike account of the Civil Wars in England in the seventeenth century that I know is contained in De Foe's 'Memoirs of a Cavalier,' which it is impossible to read without believing that it is the work of a writer who had been himself an actor in the scenes which he describes-and which Lord Chatham indeed quoted as a genuine history. And yet it is as much a fiction as Waverley, with its picture of the Rebellion of 1745. Without some such object in view, it would have been difficult to go through the task of reading what I have been obliged to read. For as stories, the novels of the last century, with the exception of some well-known names, are deplorably dull. Their plots are contemptible, and the style is detestable. But, however poor the incidents, or inartistic the construction, the writers unconsciously give us hints when they least intended it of the manners and customs of the time. We may turn with disgust from the insipid narrative and stupid dialogue; but we get from both little traits of habits and opinions which are valuable, as enabling us to form a just idea of the state of soci ety around. We learn how our ancestors lived, how they amused themselves, and the conversation they |