280f. . . . TRATTATO di Berlino del 13 luglio 1878. . . [Roma, 1878.] Cover title. 172 pp. (At head of title: Atti parlamentari. Sessione del 1878-xiii. legislatura. Camera dei deputati n. xxii. Documenti.) 280g. LES PROTOCOLES du congrès de Berlin avec le traité préliminaire de San Stefano du 19 février (3 mars) 1878 et le traité de Berlin du 13 juillet 1878. St. Petersburg, 1878.

The conference lasted from June 13 to July 13, 1878.

The protocols are reprinted in Archives diplomatiques, 2e série, 1882-83, vi, pp. 1-322, and Staatsarchiv, xxxiv, nos. 6753-6773.

Bibliography: The general question of the Near East is fully dealt with in the 2142 items of BENGESCU, GEORGES (1848- ). Essai d'une notice bibliographique sur la question d'Orient. Orient européen, 1821-1897. Bruxelles, P. Lacomblez; Paris, H. Le Soudier, 1897. xiii, 327 pp. 25 cm.

Secondary Works: Among the secondary works dealing with the treaty of Berlin may be mentioned:

BERNER, ALBERT FRIEDRICH (1818-1907). Die Orientfrage. Beantwortet durch die Verträge von 1856 und 1878. Mit den wichtigsten amtlichen Urkunden. Zum Handgebrauch. Berlin, Puttkammer & Mühlbrecht, 1878. iii, [5]–124 pp.

24 cm.

BRUNSWIK, BENOÎT (1830- ). Le traité de Berlin, annoté et commenté. Paris, E. Plon et cie, 1878. xxiii, 323 pp. 23 cm.

On cover: Ouvrage renfermant le texte des traités et conventions diplomatiques relatifs à la question d'Orient depuis le 13 juillet 1841.

ÉTUDES diplomatiques sur la question d'Orient. Tome premier. Paris, E. Dentu [etc.], 1878. iii, 294 pp. 25 cm.

MULAS, EFISIO. Il congresso di Berlino e il diritto delle genti. Studi. Milano, Natale Battezzati, 1878. 198 pp. 19 cm.

COMMERCIAL. No. 33 (1883). Correspondence relating to article xxviii of the treaty of Berlin. (Balkan railways.) (With two maps.) Presented to both Houses of Parliament by command of Her Majesty, 1883. London, Harrison and sons, 1883. 44 pp. 33 cm. (Parl. Pap., 1883, lxxxii, p. 5. c. 3782.)

BONGHI, RUGGIERO. La crisi d'Oriente e il congresso di Berlino; seguito dal testo completo dei protocolli della conferenza di Berlino, dei trattati di San Stefano e di Berlino, e di altri documenti. 2a ed. Milano, Fratelli Treves, 1885. xxvii, 518 pp. Maps. 19 cm.

HOLLAND, THOMAS ERSKINE (1835- ). The European concert in the eastern question. A collection of treaties and other public acts edited with introduction and notes. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1885. xii, 366 pp. 23 cm.

AVRIL, L. M. ADOLPH, BARON D' (1822- ). Négociations relatives au traité de Berlin et aux arrangements qui ont suivi, 1875-1886. ... Avec six croquis topographiques et le texte du traité de 1878. Paris, Ernest Leroux, 1886. viii, 474 pp. 25 cm. (At head of title: Bibliothèque de la société d'histoire diplomatique.) CHOUBLIER, MAX. La question d'Orient depuis le traité de Berlin. Étude d'histoire diplomatique. Paris, Arthur Rousseau, 1897. 538 pp. 22 cm.

Seconde édition, revue, et augmentée. Paris, A. Rousseau, 1879. (4), 496 Pp. 22 cm.

281. MISCELLANEOUS No. 2 (1878). Return of political treaties concluded between Great Britain and foreign powers: 1839-78. Presented to both Houses of Parliament by command of Her Majesty. London, Harrison and sons, 1878. (2), 4 pp. 33 cm. (Parl. Pap., 1878, lxxx, 759. c. 2106.)

A list showing subject of treaty, contracting powers, date of signature, date of exchange of ratifications, and when laid before Parliament.

282. RETORTILLO Y TORNOS, ALFONSO. Compendio de historia del derecho internacional . . . precedido de una carta-prólogo del...

D. Rafael Conde y Luque. Con licencia de la autoridad eclesiástica. Madrid, Imprenta de Fortanet, 1891. xix, 285 pp. 19 cm.

· 2a edicion, corregida y muy adicionada. Madrid, Imprenta de Fortanet, 1909. 248 pp. 19 cm.

283. KOUMANOUDI, CONSTANTIN. Les traités d'alliance au XIX® siècle; étude de droit international et d'histoire diplomatique. Paris, A. Rousseau, 1901. (4), 212, (4) PP. 25 cm.

284. PHILLIPSON, COLEMAN (1878- ). Termination of war and treaties of peace. New York, E. P. Dutton & company, 1916. xix, 486, (1) pp. 25 cm.

Contents: 1815-1913.

285. OAKES, SIR AUGUSTUS HENRY (1839-1919); MOWAT, ROBERT BALMAIN. The great European treaties of the nineteenth century. With an introduction by Sir H[enry] Erle Richards [1861- ]. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1918. xii, 403 pp. 20 cm.

286. ANDERSON, FRANK MALOY (1871-) and HERSHEY, AMOS SHARTLE (1867– ). Handbook for the diplomatic history of Europe, Asia, and Africa, 1870-1914. . . Prepared for the National board for historical service with the assistance of 50 contributors. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1918. 482 pp. 25 cm.

Note: Treats 160 subjects, the text supplemented in each instance with a bibliography.

287. HANDBOOKS prepared under the direction of the Historical Section of the Foreign Office. - No. 1 [-no. 162]. London, H. M. Stationery Office, 1920. 162 pamphlets in 25 vols. 21 cm.

Note: "In the spring of 1917, the Foreign Office. . . established a special section whose duty it should be to provide the British Delegates to the Peace Conference with information in the most convenient form geographical, economic, historical, social, religious and political — respecting the different countries, districts, islands, &c., with which they might have to deal.

"Now that the Conference has nearly completed its task, the Foreign Office, in response to numerous enquiries and requests, has decide to issue the books for public use. . . . - Editorial note, signed by G. W. Prothero.

II. COLLECTIONS BY STATES

Collections relating to a state but with general political significance a French collection dealing with the Congress of Vienna, for instance are in the first part. Collections containing material on a recognized category of international relations — commerce, navigation, or extradition, for instance are in the third part.

The formalities of treaty-making have affected the preparation of this division. State names are to be found in the alphabetical list in an exact translation of the official name at the time of publication. Mexico, for instance, is the United Mexican States; but for practical convenience names are printed in a form as similar as possible to the usual one, so that Mexican collections will be found under this rubric: Mexican States, United.

Many states have ceased to exist under their original name. In such cases collections will be found under the present name, but earlier names have been listed. Thus, Colombian treaties will be found under: Colombia, Republic of. But the United States of Colombia and New Granada also appear in the alphabetical list with references to the present name.

A book purporting to deal comprehensively with treaty texts must take account of international phenomena not often considered. All short-lived independent states fall within its scope. Then, the expansion of the world and of the political system of Europe impels the inclusion of small units which were technical sovereignties and which have made treaties in their own right. They are numerous out of all proportion to their individual importance, but collectively illustrate the striking operation of centripetal political forces in the world. In 1500 there were 2000 sovereignties in Europe. After the peace of Westphalia there were still more than 360 states of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1789 there were 269 sovereignties in Europe, and in 1815 only 69. There were 21 states in Europe in 1914 and only 62 sovereignties negotiating treaties in the world. During the nineteenth century the continents of Africa, Asia, and North and South America came completely within the bounds of civilization. This extensive contact with peoples organized on a tribal basis resulted in a remarkable increase of treaty-making. Effort has been made to indicate the extent of such negotiations by printing the names of

II. RECUEILS PAR ÉTATS

Les recueils se rapportant à un état particulier mais ayant une portée politique générale (un recueil français traitant du traité de Vienne, par exemple), sont dans la première partie. Les recueils contenant des matériaux qui se classent nettement dans la catégorie des relations internationales (commerce, navigation, extradition, par exemple) sont dans la troisième partie.

Dans la préparation de cette division, on a dû tenir compte des formalités de la confection des traités. On trouvera le nom des états dans la liste alphabétique sous la traduction exacte de leur nom officiel, au moment de la publication. Mexico, par exemple, s'appele "United Mexican States." Mais pour des raisons pratiques les noms ont été imprimés dans une forme aussi semblable que possible à la forme usuelle; ainsi les collections mexicaines seront trouvées sous la rubrique: "Mexican States, United."

Beaucoup d'états ont cessé de exister sous leur nom d'origine. Lorsque le cas se présente, on trouve les recueils sous le nom actuel; toutefois, les dénominations plus anciennes sont également sur la liste. Ainsi, on trouvera les traités colombiens sous le nom de: "Colombia, Republic of." Mais "United States of Colombia," et "New Granada" sont également portés sur la liste alphabétique, avec une référence au nom actuel.

Un livre qui veut classer d'une façon claire les textes de traités doit tenir compte de certains phénomènes internationaux que l'on ne considère pas d'ordinaire. Tout état indépendant, à la vie éphemère, tombe dans son domaine. Ainsi l'expansion du monde Européen et de son système politique lui fait englober certaines petites unités qui étaient techniquement souveraines, et qui ont fait des traités de leur propre chef. Leur nombre n'est pas en rapport avec leur importance; mais leur ensemble illustre ce phénomène frappant des forces politique centripète dans le monde. En 1500, il y avait 2000 souverainetés en Europe. Après le traité de Westphalie, il y avait encore plus de 360 états du 'Saint Empire Romain.' En 1789, il y avait 269 états souverains en Europe, et en 1815, seulement 69. Il y avait 21 états en Europe en 1914, et 62 états souverains négociant des traités dans le monde. Dans le cours du 19ème siècle les continents Africain et Asiatique, l'Amérique du Nord et du Sud sont entré tous entiers dans le domain de la civilisation. Ce large contact avec des

the sovereignties identified with colonizing activities. References have been added to the indexes of works where the documents themselves are to be found. The alphabetical list which forms the groundwork of this part contains about 1400 names.

Where feasible, dates have been inserted to indicate when sovereignties began existence or ceased to maintain an independent status. Declarations of independence have been taken to mark the birth of new states which have succeeded in attempts at freedom. The extinction of a sovereignty occurs in many ways. These details were incidental to the preparation of this work and do not appear in numerous instances.

For essential details concerning the territories mentioned see: STOKVIS, A. M. H. J. Manuel d'histoire, de généalogie, et de chronologie de tous les états du globe, depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à nos jours. Leide, E. J. Brill, 1888-93. 3 vols. 27 cm.

Contents: i, Asie, Afrique, Amérique, Polynésie; ii-iii, Les états de l'Europe et leurs colonies.

Meaning of References in the Following List of States

For treaties concerning: vide British and Foreign State Papers, General Index, vol. 64 (1373-1873).

2 For treaties concerning: vide British and Foreign State Papers, General Index, vol. 93 (1873-1900).

3 For treaties concerning: vide British and Foreign State Papers, General Index, vols. 64 and 93 (1373-1900).

4 For treaties concerning: vide Table générale du recueil de traités par G. F. de Martens, etc. (1494-1874).

For treaties concerning: vide de Clercq, Recueil des Traités de la France, vol. xvi, Tables générales (1713-1885).