name. Some deduce Amias from Æmilius, the Roman name." It may be added, however, that the town of Amiens, in Picardy, is spelt Amias by our old chroniclers. In R.G. 16 it is written wronglyor, at all events, Amiss!

AMIES. Probably another form of Amias, which see.

AMMON. Either Amand or Hammond. AMOORE. See Amour.

AMOR. The same as Amour, which see. AMORY. AMERY. From the

personal name Emeric or Almericus, equivalent to the Italian Amerigo, latinized Americus, whence the name of the great western continent. It seems to have undergone the following changes: Emeric, Emery, Amery, Amory, Ammory, and in Domesd. Haimericus. It is asserted, however (B.L.G.), that "the family of D'Amery came to Engl. with the Conqueror from Tours."

AMOS. The personal name.

AMOUR. A-Moor, that is, at or of the moor, from residence upon one. AMPHLETT. "Amflete, Amfleot et aliis Ampleot [Sax.], a haven in France (as I gesse) near Boloigne." Lambarde's Dict. AMSON. Probably a corruption of

Adamson.

AMYAND. The first baronet of this name (1764) was grandson of M. Amyand, a native of France, who quitted that country on the Rev. of the Edict of Nantes, 1685. Baronetage.

AMYE. Fr. ami. A friend. L'Amye occurs temp. Eliz. as a Frenchman in Sussex.

AMYOT. A derivative of the personal name Amias. Amiot. H.R.

ANCELL ANSELL. Anselm, a wellknown Norman Christian name. ANCHOR. 1. An inn sign. 2. An anchorite or hermit.

"An anchor's cheer in prison be my hope."

Hamlet.

AND. A family of this name bore as arms a Roman "&." Encycl. Herald. "And" would appear to have been either a qualifying epithet or an ancient personal designation, since it often occurs in composition with topographical terms; e. g., Andborough, And-by, And-over, An-croft. ANDERS. Probably a corruption of Andrews.

ANDERSON. The son of Andrew. ANDERTON. A township and estate in co. Lancaster, formerly possessed by the family.

ANDREW. The personal name. ANDREWS. The son of Andrew. ANDROS. A corruption of Andrews. This orthography is in use in the Channel Islands.

ANGELL. A common inn sign. More probably, however, from Anegole or Angold, a personal name, as we find it occasionally with the suffix son. Sometimes there may be a direct allusion to the celestial hierarchy, as in the cognate foreign surnames Angelo, Angellis, Angellico.

ANGELSON. The son of Anegold, a personal name.

ANGER. Perhaps from one who personated this vice in some miracle play; more probably, however, from hanger, a word descriptive of locality. A hanger is a wooded declivity.

"The high part to the south-west consists of a vast hill of chalk, rising three hundred feet above the village; and is divided into a sheep-down, the high wood, and a long hanging wood called the Hanger.” White's Selborne.

ANGOVE

"In this parish (Illogan) liveth Reginald Angove, Gent., i. e., Reginald the Smith, a sirname assumed in memory of his first ancestor, who was by trade and occupation a smith. And of this sort of sirname in England thus speaks Verstigan:

"From whence came Smith, all be it knight or squire, But from the smith that forgeth in the fire." Hals MSS. D. Gilbert's Cornwall. ANGUISH ANGWISHE. Probably local, from its termination in wish; or perhaps a corruption of Angus. ANGUS. The ancient name of Forfarshire, in Scotland.

ANHAULT. Probably a corruption of
Hainault, a territory or province of the
Netherlands.

ANKETELL. Anchitel, a personal name
of Scandinavian origin, occurring in
Domesd. and other early records.
ANN. ANNS. See Anne.
ANNADALE. See Annan.

ANNAN. A parish in co. Dumfries, on the river of the same name, whence Annandale.

ANNANDALE. Sometimes written Annadale. See Annan. ANNE.

Anna is a Scandinavian male personal name of high antiquity, and hence, perhaps, Anne, Anson, Anns, Annett, Anning.

ANNESLEY. A parish in co. Nottingham, which was possessed by the family from the reign of the Conqueror, 1079. ANNEVILLE. There are several villages in Normandy bearing this name. The English family, according to De Gerville, originated from Anneville-en-Saine, a parish in the arrondissement of Valognes. One of the family was lord of that place in 1066; his brother joined the Conqueror's army, and became progenitor of the d'An

villes of this country. Mem. Soc. Ant. Normandie, 1825.

ANNIS. See Female Christian Names. ANSELME. Anselm, a well-known personal name. It is sometimes corrupted to Ancell and Ansell.

ANSLOW. A township in co. Stafford. ANSON. Such names as An-son, Nelson, Bet-son, &c., have been regarded as a sort of metronymics, and therefore considered indicative of illegitimacy; but I think there is little doubt of the former part of these names being in many cases corruptions of masculine appellations. Anson is probably a contraction of Alanson.

ANSTEY. Parishes and places in cos. Herts, Leicester, Warwick, Wilts, and Devon. ANSTIS. Probably a contraction of Anastasius.

ANSTRUTHER. William de Candela held the barony of Anstruther, in co. Fife, about 1153. His grandson Henry appears to have assumed the surname in or before 1221. Baronetage.

ANTHON. ANTON. 1. An abbreviation of Anthony. 2. A river of Hampshire.

ANTHONY. The personal name; also a parish in Cornwall. Places called St. Antoine and Antoigni occur in Normandy. ANTILL. Ampthill, a parish in co. Bedford.

ANTROBUS. A township in Cheshire, the original residence of the family, sold by them temp. Hen. VI., but repurchased in 1808, by Sir Edm. Antrobus.

ANTRON. A place in the parish of Sithney, co. Cornwall.

ANVERS. The city of Antwerp, in Belgium. Danvers is another form of the

APPELBY. APPLEBY. APPLEBEE. The co. town of Westmoreland; also parishes in cos. Leicester and Lincoln. APPENRICK. (Welsh.) Ap Henrick, the son of Henrich or Henry.

APPLE, a prefix to many local surnames, is the A-Sax. @pl, and denotes a place where apples abounded, as Appleby, Applesbury, Apledrefield, Apelton, or Appleton, &c.

APPLEFORD. A chapelry in Berks. APPLEGARTH. (Apple and garth.) An enclosure for apple trees, an orchard. It has been corrupted to Applegath, Applegate, &c.

APPLEJOHN. Most probably a corruption of the Welsh Ap-John. There was, however, a species of apple which bore this name. "Do I not bate? Do I not dwindle?" says Falstaff; "Why my skin hangs about me like an old lady's loose gown; I am withered like an old AppleJohn." Hen. IV., act iii. An apple grown in the eastern counties is still known by this appellation.

APPLEMAN. A grower of, or dealer in apples. The trade of a costermonger derives its name from costard, a large kind of apple, the commodity in which he principally dealt. The original Mr. Appleman must then have been a medieval costermonger.

APPLETON. Parishes and places in cos. Berks, Chester, Lancaster, Norfolk, York,

&c.

APPLETREE. (A-Sax. æpl and treow). Our Saxon forefathers named many localities-which have since given rise to surnames-from trees. Appledore, Kent, Appledore, Devon; Appledram, Sussex, and other places are well-known to have derived their designations thus. The Saxon Chronicle describes the battle of Hastings as having taken place at thære háran apuldran, "at the hoary apple-tree," probably from same venerable tree of that species growing near at hand. Contrib. to Lit. 71. The "hoar apple tree" was a common landmark in Saxon times. Mr. Hamper has collected no less than 14 instances in different counties. Archæologia XXV, 35.

APPLEYARD. APPULYARD. APILIARD. An orchard. The word is employed by Hulvet in his Abecedarium, 1552. Halliw.

APPS. Apparently a genitive form of Ape or Appe; a personal name, ante 1066. Domesd.

APREECE.

APREES. AP RICE.

AP RYCE. (Welsh). Ap Rhys, the son of Rhys. The baronet's family (Apreece) claim descent from Gruffyth ap Rees, prince of South Wales. Hence Price.

AP ROBERT. (Welsh). The son of Robert. Hence Probert. The name sometimes took the form of Robin, and hence Ap Robyn, Probyn.

APSLEY. A manor in Thakeham, co. Sussex, where the family were resident in 1347.

AP THOMAS. (Welsh.) The son of

Thomas.

APWENWYN.

(Welsh.) The son of Enyon or Wenwyn. This name has also taken the form of Benyon. AQUILA DE. "The surname of this family was originally assumed from Aquila, in Normandy; so denominated by reason an eagle had made her nest in an oak growing there when the castle was first building. Eugenulf de Aquila accompanied Duke William into England." Banks. The family were banished by Henry III., and probably never returned, as their name does not occur in more recent times, unless, indeed, the modern Egles be a translation of it. See Michell. The manor of Pevensey, co. Sussex, of which the De Aquilas were anciently lords, is still called the "honour of the Eagle," from that circumstance. Eugenulf, who is called by Master Wace Engerran de l'Aigle, fell at Hastings. Vit. "And Engerran de l'Aigle came also, with a shield slung at his neck, and, gallantly handling his spear, struck down many English. He strove hard to serve the Duke well for the sake of the lands he had promised him." Taylor's Roman de Rou, p. 21.

Ord.

ARABIN. I am informed that the founder of this family came over with William III., and fought at the battle of the Boyne.

ARCHBOLD. A corruption of Archibald.

ARCHBUTT. A corruption of Archibald.

ARCHDEACON. An eminent Cornish family in the XIV. cent. wrote themselves Archdekne. The cognate name Archidiacre occurs in France, from which country the English family would appear to have migrated, since three cheverons form the main feature of the arms of both families, as well as of another English family named Archidecknie.

ARCHER. The progenitor of the Barons Archer is said to have been Fulbert L'Archer, who came in with the Conqueror. Ext. Peerage. But this name must have had many distinct origins. See ARCHERY.

ARCHERY. In old English warfare the long bow was the favourite weapon, and it was also the chief instrument of the national pastime. Our family nomenclature abounds in names relating to archery; thus we have Archer and Bowman, Bowyer and Bowmaker, Arrow

* Embrasures of a wall.

smith and Fletcher, Stringer and Butts, besides many others whose reference to the pursuit is less obvious. ARCHIBALD. The baptismal name. ARCHIE. In Scotland, a diminutive or nurse-name of Archibald.

ARKCOLL. Perhaps from the parish of of Ercall Magna, or High Ercall, in Shropshire. A more likely derivation, however, is from the Dutch Van Arkel, a noble family renowned for their courage.

According to an ancient proverb, of all the nobles of Holland, the Brederodes were the noblest, the Wassenaars the oldest, the Egmonts the richest, and the Arkels the stoutest in conflict:

"Brederode de edelste, Wassenaars de outste,

Egmont de rijkste, en Arkel de stoutste." The locality from which the Arkels derived their title was so called from the remains of a temple dedicated in Roman times to Hercules. It is worthy of notice that the A-Sax. form of Hercules is Ercol. Dixon's Surnames. Arkil was also a Saxon name. Arkil, a great baron of Northumbria, who fled before William the Conqueror, settled in Scotland, and became the founder of the Earls of Lennox.

ARDEN. The Ardens of Arden, co. Warwick, claimed direct descent from Sivard de Arden, son of Turchil de Warwick, who, though of Saxon origin, held under the Conqueror as a tenant in chief. See Arderne.

ARDERNE. "The traditionary account of the origin of this family is from Turchetil, son of Alwyn, officiary earl of Warwick, in the time of Edward the Confessor; which Turchetil succeeded his father, but being afterwards deprived of his earldom by William the Conqueror, retired to the woody part of the county, and assumed the name of Arderne or Arden." Banks. ARDES. ARDIS. ARDYS. ARDERES. May be various forms of the same name. There are two small parishes in Kent called Upper and Lower Hardres. See Hardres and Hards. In Scot. Allardyce is so corrupted.

ARDLEY. A parish in co. Oxford. ARESKIN. A sufficiently obvious corruption of the Scottish name Erskine, which, indeed, is so pronounced in the North.

AREY. See Airey.

ARGALL. Possibly from Ercall, a parish in Shropshire.

ARGENTE. ARGENT. A contraction of Argenton.

ARGENTON. ARGENTINE. Argentan, a considerable town in the south of Normandy, formerly written Argentomagus. David de Argentomago was a tenant in chief under the Conqueror, in cos. Bedford and Camb. His descendants were ennobled as barons Argentine.

ARGEVILLE. Perhaps from Argueil, near Neufchatel, in Normandy. ARGLES. Possibly a corruption of Argyle, the Scottish county. ARGUMENT. This strange name occurs in the R.G. 16. It is probably a corruption of the French aigu mont, mont-agu, mons acutus, the sharp-pointed hill. There is a

hamlet bearing the name of Aigumont, in the arrondissement of Dieppe, in Normandy. ARIELL. Ariel, the name of an angel, cognate with Michael, Gabriel, &c. ARIES. Probably a Latinization of the name Ram. Aris, Areas, and Arés seem to be mere variations in the orthography. ARKELL. Sce Arkcoll.

ARKWRIGHT. An "ark," in the north, signifies a meal or flour-chest, which is usually made of oak, and sometimes elaboHalliw. rately carved. The maker of such chests was an Arkwright. The strong boxes in which the Jews kept their valuables, were anciently called their arks (archas). Hunter's Hallamshire Glossary. Arca is used in this latter sense by the classical writers:

Quantùm quisque suâ nummorum servat in arca, Tantum habet et fidei.

Juv. Sat. iii., 143.

The word occurs in Foedera 45, Hen. III. In the H.R. the surname occurs as le Coffrer, coffer-maker,

ARKYBUS. The harquebus or handcannon, and probably also the man who wielded it. See a cognate example of this double application under Arblaster. ARLE. Possibly from Arles, in Pro

vence.

ARM. Appears to have been an ancient personal name. It is found in composition with the local surnames, Armfield, Armstead, Armsby, Armsworth, &c. ARMENY. ARMONY. Old spellings of Armenia. This name originated, perhaps, in the days of pilgrimages and crusades. "Shewe me the ryght path

To the hills of Armony."-Skelton.

ARMIGER. ARMINGER. Lat. armiger, an esquire, the next in degree to a knight. The upper servants of an abbey were also called Armigeri.

"Concessimus etiam Alano per annum unam robam cum furura de eodem panno quo vestiuntur armigeri nostri." A.D. 1300. Regist. of Battel Abbey. ARMINE. Dutch for a beggar; but a more probable derivation is from Armine, a chapelry in the parish of Snaith, in the W. Riding of Yorkshire.

ARMITAGE. A provincial pronunciation of hermitage; also a parish in Staffordshire. The Armytages of Kirklees, co. York, trace their patronymic back to the reign of King Stephen. Baronetage. ARMORER. The occupation. ARMOUR. A corruption of Armourer. ARMSTRONG. Doubtless from strength of limb, as displayed in war and athletic sports. Armstrang is the same, and Strongi'th'arm, a cognate surname. The well-known border clan of Armstrong were of old a truly armipotent race, and Johnnie A., their chief, the great freebooter, lived in Eskdale; while Liddesdale was another habitat of the family.

"Ye need not go to Liddisdale,
For when they see the blazing bale
Elliots and Armstrongs never fail."
Lay of Last Minstr.

The influential family of this name in Ireland, of Scottish origin, settled there on the attainder of Sir Thomas A. for the Rye House Plot, and they still enjoy large estates in King's co., and in cos. Limerick, Tipperary, &c. The A's, of Fermanagh, who claim descent from a brother of the celebrated Johnnie, settled in that co. about the commencement of the XVII. cent.

Tradition asserts that the original name of this renowned race was Fairbairn, and that an ancestor who was armour-bearer to one of the Scottish Kings, once saved his royal master's life on the battle field by lifting him on horseback after he had been dismounted. The crest of the family, "an armed hand and arm; in the hand a leg and foot in rich armour, couped at the thigh," is said to allude to the manner in which Fairbairn raised the King to the saddle. For this service the monarch gave his follower broad lands in the S. of Scotland, together with the appellation Armstrong.

ARN. The initial syllable of many local names, as Arncliffe, Arnwood, Arney, Arnholt, meaning respectively the cliff, the wood, the island, and the grove of eagles, from the A-Sax. erne, an eagle. Occasionally, however, it may be derived from arn, the Scottish for an alder tree.

ARNE. A parish in Dorsetshire; also a Norse personal name. See Heimskringla, i, 201.

ARNEY. A nick-name for Arnold, whence Arnison.

ARNISON. See Arney.

ARNOLD. The personal name; also a
parish in the county of Wilts.
ARNOLL. ARNELL. ARNALL.
ARNULL. ARNOULD. Corruptions of
Arnold.

ARNOTT. ARNETT. Corruptions of
Arnold.

ARNULFE. The same as Arnold, which in medieval records is sometimes latinized Ernulphus.

ARRAS. From the French city, the capital of the ci-devant province of Artois, once famous for its manufacture of tapestry, and the source of the "arras hangings," with which the chambers of our ancestors were erewhile adorned.

ARRINGTON. A parish in co. Cambridge.

ARROW. A parish co. Warwick; a township co. Chester; also two western rivers.

ARROWSMITH. A maker of arrows, or rather arrow-heads. This, in the days of archery, was a distinct trade. In the curious burlesque poem, Cock Lorelles Bote, these artizans are called "arowe-heders." ART. A nickname for Arthur. ARTER. A vulgar pronunciation of Arthur.

ARTHUR. The Christian name. Other surnames from it are Atty, Atts, Atkin, Atkins, Atkinson, Atcock. Aikin and Aitkin may be northern varieties. ARTIS. Artois, the French province. ARTOIS. The French province. ARUNDELL. Roger de A., who took his name from the Sussex town, was a tenant-in-chief at the making of Domesd., and ancestor of the Lords A., of Wardour. Dudg. Bar. ii, 422. Kelham, 157.

AS, as a termination, is generally a corruption of Hurst, e. g., Byas should be Byhurst; Tyas, Tyhurst; Haslas, Hazelhurst; Boggas (and Boggis?), Boghurst. ASBONE. A corruption of Asborne or Ashborne.

ASCOT. ASCOTT. Parishes and places
in cos. Berks, Warwick, and Oxon.
ASCOUGH. See Askew.
ASCUE. See Askew.

ASDALL. A modern Irish corruption of Archdall, a local name.

ASH. The premier syllable of many names of places, and of surnames derived from them, as Ashdown, Ashton, Ashley, Ashwell, Ashurst, Ashford, Ashburne, &c. It denotes a place where this species of tree flourished. ASH. ASHE. There are places so called in Derbyshire, Surrey, Hampshire, and elsewhere. It seems probable, however, that the name was sometimes adopted from residence near a remarkable ash tree. We find the Atten-Ashe of the XIV. cent. contracted into Nashe soon after. In the H.R. it is latinized ad Fraxinam and de Fraxino. The French Dufresne is its synonym.

ASH-CRAFT-CROFT-MEAD

MORE. Localities unknown. ASHBEE. A corruption of Ashby. ASHBURNER. A maker of potash or some such article. Latinized in charters, Cinerarius. Sussex Arch. Coll. viii., 152. ASHBURNHAM. The noble earls of this surname and title claim to have possessed Ashburnham, co. Sussex, from before the Norman Conquest. In 1066 Bertram de Ashburnham, son of Anchitel, son of Piers, was constable of Dover, and held out against William. Peerage.

ASHBY. A local name occurring 18 times in the Gazetteer, mostly in the cos. of Lincoln, Leicester, and Northampton. ASHCOMBE.

Sussex, &c.

Places in Devonshire,

ASHCONNER. An old method of divination by ashes is mentioned by Herrick, i., 176.

"Of ash-heapes by the which ye use, Husbands and wives by streaks to chuse, Of crackling laurell, which fore-sounds A plenteous harvest to your grounds." An "ash-conner" was therefore probably a