throughout the official services would relieve this economic pressure, and open out careers for Indian students more healthy and more suitable for many temperaments than those to which they are now driven by force of circumstances-namely, the legal profession, journalism, medicine, and the smaller appointments in the Public Works, Educational, and other services. And since charity, or love, should begin at home, it would be well that we took more care that the knowledge of India which is now disseminated among the British public is both wider and deeper. The Indian Institute at Oxford, so far as the achievements of Indian art are concerned, seems to be expressly designed to perpetuate in the minds of future Anglo-Indian administrators-budding Viceroys, Governors, and civilians— that vigorous but ignorant contempt for all things Indian, except the scalping exploits of the Redskin, which is ingrained in the English public school boy. The Indian section of the Victoria and Albert Museum and that part of the British Museum which relates to Indian religions are entirely organised upon the same false estimate of Indian civilisation which lies at the root of all the blunders of our educational policy in India. It is certainly most desirable from all points of view that not only technical and art experts but all Anglo-Indian officials, before they take up their appointments in India, should graduate at an Indian Institute worthy of the name, located either in this country or in India; so that the sympathetic study of the different aspects of Oriental life and thought should no longer be a mere question of personal inclination, but an indispensable introduction to the Indian Government services.

E. B. HAVELL.

MIGRATION WITHIN THE EMPIRE

WHEN the historian comes to deal with the social, economic, and political history of our times, he will doubtless experience the same surprise now being felt by so many Imperialists, that Government after Government in this country has come and gone without ever contemplating, much less considering, any plan of migration within the Empire. The fault-and it is a grave one-lies equally with Conservative as with Liberal Administrations. Neither party has done anything towards assisting the development or securing the defence of our national inheritance by means of organised migration from the homeland to the Dominions oversea.

Had this been done, the situation all-round would be very different from what it is to-day. Canada and Australia would possess, if not adequate, at least greatly increased populations, while in the homeland the congestion, which is mainly responsible for the evils of overcrowding, low wages, want, and destitution, would never have reached its present dimensions. We might also have been spared those differences of opinion which have arisen between political factions on both sides-differences that make it more and more difficult to arrive at a common plan of operation. And I do not hesitate to say that unless and until a common plan is reached nothing effective can be accomplished. You cannot deal with emigration without at the same time dealing with immigration, and vice versa. The two are one problem and an Imperial problem, using the term Imperial in its wider sense-that of Empire.

Unfortunately both advocates and opponents of emigration continually lose sight of the Imperial aspect. Similarly the Dominion policies are mainly influenced by local issues. Instead of approaching the problem as an entity, both sides show a tendency to divide it into two parts. This tendency, instead of subsiding, is advancing. Moreover, it is an anti-Imperial tendency, and for this reason alone should be eliminated in considering the solution of an Imperial problem. The first step to take is to inaugurate a common policy, and to do this co-ordination of effort is essential. If we are to succeed where we have

hitherto failed, migration within the Empire, both as regards children and adults, must, without further delay, be placed on a basis involving joint-Government control and joint-Government assistance.

'You Britishers,' said an American citizen to me some years ago, are a truly wonderful people, but you are not businesslike; you have acquired vast possessions in all parts of the globe, but you neither develop your territory nor make any effort to secure for your Colonies a population British-born.' The indictment I felt to be both just and deserved. Moreover, it applied then with equal force to our kinsmen oversea. Of recent years, however, with the exception of the Union of South Africa, the Dominions have instituted various immigration policies, and much is now being done by Canada, Australia, and New Zealand to attract suitable immigrants of the British race. But here, in the homeland, we have made little advance; we are still without any State policy of emigration.

I do not say, nor do I wish to imply, that no emigration has taken place, nor is taking place, to the Dominions. That would be an incorrect statement, and one capable of being refuted by stereotyped facts. But what I do say, and what I wish to emphasise, is that for generations, owing to lack of guidance and the absence of encouragement on the part of the home Government, our surplus population, instead of passing from one portion of the Empire to another, was allowed to drift, in everincreasing numbers, to the United States of America.

We have neglected an essential duty of statesmanship-that of assisting to provide the Dominions with a population of Britishborn; and by that neglect we have added materially to the strength and prosperity of a foreign Power. And how has that Power repaid our generosity? It has imposed duties on British goods so prohibitory in character as to prevent, to a very considerable extent, the produce of British labour gaining an entry into its markets. It may be said the Dominions also have tariff walls; that is so, but their tariff walls are not specially directed against ourselves; and while it is one thing to build up a foreign Power by the aid of British bone and sinew, it is another to employ that bone and sinew in building up the Empire. Had the emigrants who have found their way to the United States gone to the Dominions, the trade of the Dominions with ourselves to-day would be far larger than it is, and the food supply within the Empire would have increased in like proportion.

Matters had reached such a pass that in 1907 Mr. Deakin, in his capacity as Prime Minister of the Commonwealth of Australia, placed a resolution on the Agenda of the Imperial Conference proceedings, the first part of which stated that it is desirable to encourage British emigrants to proceed to British

Colonies rather than to foreign countries.' And in the course of an able speech supporting this contention Mr. Deakin said:

We venture to submit that in whatever way the Government of this country may think right and proper to intervene in the matter of emigration, in this one direction we are perhaps entitled to press them to some action—that is to say, that all they do should encourage settlers to pass to any part of the Empire they please, so long as it is a part of the Empire. .. We look upon emigration to foreign countries as draining the life-blood of the Empire. . . . We cannot consent to see people pass away from it who ought to remain upholding the Flag.

...

Against this proposition Mr. Burns, who held the Government brief, had no objection to raise; and proceeded to dismiss the matter by saying that it 'practically connotes a line of action that has been taken not only by the Government, but by all the subordinate authorities throughout the United Kingdom during the last fifteen or twenty years with regard to the direction of, advice to, and guidance of intending settlers in new countries from the Motherland.' In making this statement I am sure Mr. Burns had no intention of keeping anything back. At the same time it is idle to suppose that the Prime Minister of the Commonwealth of Australia would have gone to the extent of moving his resolution if nothing was amiss or had been amiss, and Mr. Burns, I think, should have recognised this and given a more extended reply.

Now what are the facts? The only action taken by the Government with the object of turning the scale of emigration from the United States to the Dominions has been by the dissemination of literature through the Emigrants' Information Office, and the giving of information which, on the authority of the Secretary of State for the Colonies, we are told may be regarded as reliable, but must not be taken as official. Moreover, as Mr. Butler, Chairman of Committee of Management, told the Dominions Royal Commission, in theory if not in practice the officials of the Emigrants' Information Office are still required to answer questions concerning the United States or South America with the same readiness as they would give information concerning Canada, Australia, or South Africa. Again, although we have two enactments on the Statute Book authorising the allocation of public funds to emigration purposes-the Poor Law Act, 1834, and the Unemployed Workmen Act, 1905-the powers conferred under these Acts do not limit the employment of the funds in question to expenditure on emigration within the Empire. It is true that as far as the authorities administering the Unemployed Workmen Act are concerned, no assistance is given to persons emigrating out of the Empire, and to a very

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large extent the Guardians take the same course. But when we know that in quite recent years applications have been made by the Local Government Board to the American Embassy, asking that persons aided out of Poor-Law funds might be permitted to land in the United States, it would appear that assisted emigration to the United States has not yet finally ceased.

I would suggest (1) that no information, negative or otherwise, be given by the Emigrants' Information Office about foreign countries; all that can be obtained from the Consular Reports and the Foreign Office. (2) That the Poor Law Act, 1834, and the Unemployed Workmen Act, 1905, be amended so as to ensure that the operative powers of those Acts respecting emigration be confined by law to emigration within the Empire. (3) That the Government be empowered to offer some definite encouragement to intending emigrants so as to induce them to select as their future home one of the British Dominions.

་

In supporting the second part of the Commonwealth resolution, that the Imperial Government be requested to co-operate with any Colonies desiring immigrants in assisting suitable persons to emigrate,' Mr. Deakin severely criticised the methods of the Emigrants' Information Office, and in the course of his remarks said that the Agents-General representing the Australian States were of opinion that no effective assistance' was being given them by that office. Speaking from his own experience in Australia, he did not think it was possible to constitute a public department of officials for any purpose, however excellent, of any men, however capable, who would sooner or later, and probably sooner, lose touch with the changing conditions of the practical work with which they were originally created to deal.'For ourselves,' he added, it is only by constant parliamentary vigilance, by perpetual parliamentary action, by influence brought to bear through the responsible Ministers that we are able to keep our own departments in some degree up to the requirements of our own country.' In conclusion, he suggested that a more effective organisation than the Emigrants' Information Office was required-an organisation under the direct control of the Government and in closer touch with the various representatives of the Dominions.' Mr. Burns assured Mr. Deakin that, if the Dominions cared to make representations to the Home Government as to what should be done, the departments interested would be ready to respond. As to the Emigrants' Information Office, its re-organisation was under the consideration of the Government, as also was the recommendation of the Settlements Committee that a State grant for five years from Imperial funds be made and applied towards assisting the funds of approved voluntary societies.