Ish-little or somewhat-sweetish, sourish, whitish, bluish, greenish, darkish.

Like-like-childlike, deathlike, Godlike, lifelike, sisterlike.
Ly-like-fatherly, motherly, brotherly, sisterly, kingly.

Ern, erly, or ward in the direction of-northern, eastern, southerly, westerly, homeward, heavenward.

FORMING NOUNS.

I.-The person that-The Agent.

An or ian-grammarian, historian, musician, European, christian, guardian.

Ant or ent-assistant, servant, commandant, inhabitant, defendant, resident.

Ar, ard, or art-beggar, liar, drunkard, braggart.

Er-carrier, doubter, speaker, robber, dweller, runner.

Eer or ier-charioteer, engineer, mountaineer, auctioneer, muleteer, cashier.

Or-collector, inspector, protector, conqueror, imitator.
Ist-botanist, duellist, druggist, florist, naturalist.

Ess-lioness, poetess, tigress, negress, governess, prophetess.
Ster-youngster, songster, gamester, punster, teamster, chorister.

II.-DIMINUTIVES.

Et or let-floweret, brooklet, ringlet, streamlet, wavelet, cloudlet.

Kin or ling-lambkin, darling, duckling, gosling, seedling, lordling.

III. ABSTRACT NOUNS (state or condition).

Dom-freedom, wisdom, kingdom, serfdom, martyrdom. Ance-abundance, conveyance, hindrance, forbearance, grievance, inheritance.

Ancy-constancy, vagrancy, vacancy, pliancy, buoyancy.

Ence difference, dependence, patience, silence, obedience, existence.

Hood-manhood, boyhood, childhood, neighbourhood, livelihood, falsehood.

Ice-cowardice, justice, malice, notice, service.

Ment-amazement, excitement, enlargement, encouragement,

judgment, commandment.

Ness-blindness, dizziness, firmness, hardiness,

happiness.

holiness,

Ship-friendship, horsemanship, workmanship, scholarship,

hardship, apprenticeship.

Th-stealth, truth, growth, width, length, mirth.

Tion-dictation, subtraction, invention, adoption; situation, perfection.

Y-Honesty, jealousy, modesty, mastery, tyranny.

NOTE.-Some of the above are now Common Nouns.

PREFIXES.
SAXON.

A-in, on, at-aboard, aground, ashore, afloat, ahead, alight. Be about, before, to make-becalm, bedew, beset, besmear, besiege, bespeak.

En, em, im=into, in, on, to make-encamp, enchain, encircle, impoverish, embolden, empower.

For denial, back, from, away—forbear, forget, forgive, forswear, forbid, forsake.

Fore-before-forearm, foretell, foresee, forewarn, foreclose,

forerun.

Mis ill, wrong. miscall, misfortune, misguide, misdeed, mis-spend, misrule.

Out above, beyond-outbid, outdo, outcry, outrun, outshine, outlaw.

Over above, beyond, too much—overcast, overdo, overturn, overawe, overpower, oversee.

Un, before a Verb reverses its meaning—unbar, unburden, uncover, unfurl, unbolt, unclasp.

Un, before an Adjective-not-unable, unaided, unassisted, unavoidable, uncertain, unusual.

Under beneath, below-undermine, undergo, undersell, undervalue, under-rate, undertake.

LATIN.

A, ab, abs from, off, away-abstain, abstract, absorb, abdicate, abscond, avert.

Ad, also written a, ac, af, ag, al, an, ap, ar, as, at*=to— adhere, adapt, ascend, annex, advert, announce.

Ante, anti-before-antecedent, antedate, anticipate, antediluvian, antechamber, ante-meridian.

* NOTE-These changes are made for the sake of euphony.

Circum, circu-round, about-circumscribe, circumnavigate, circumference, circuit, circuitous, circumvent.

Con, also written co, cog, col, com, cor=with, together— connect, contract, compose, correspond, conflict, commerce. Contra, also written contro, counter=against, on the contrary, opposite-contradict, contravene, controvert, contraband,

counteract, counterfeit.

De down, from-descend, depress, depose, deduct, degrade, decapitate.

Dis, also written di, dif=asunder, the opposite of (undoing), not— disjoin, differ, disagree, disarm, disfigure, divide.

E, also written ex, ec, ef=out of—emit, erase, extract, expire, explore, emigrate.

In, also written ig, il, im, ir (before an adjective) = not—incorrect, ignorant, illegal, immortal, irregular, irresistible.

In, also written ig, il, im, ir (before a Verb or Noun)=in, into, on-include, invent, illustrate, illuminate, impede, impose.

Inter, between among; Intro, within=intercede, interdict, intercept, interfere, interrupt, interval, introduce.

Ob, also written oc, of, o, op=to, against, in the way of-object, occur, offend, obstruct, offer, obedient.

Per, also written pel through, thoroughly-permit, perforate, perform, peruse, pervade, pellucid.

Post behind, after-postfix, post-meridian, postpone, postscript, posterity.

Pre-before-predict, precise, prefer, prevent, preside, preposterous.

Pro, also written pur=for, forthwith, forward-proceed, pronoun, produce, profound, promote, provide.

Re-back, again—rebuild, reconcile, recollect, remand, redeem, recline.

Se, sed aside, apart-secede, seclude, select, secure, secret, secretary, sedition.

Sub, also written su, suc, suf, sug, sup, sus=under-submit, subjoin, submerge, subtract, suffer, supply.

Super, also written sur=above, over-superfluous, superintend, superlative, surmount, surpass, survive.

Trans, also written tra, traf=across, through—transfer, transcribe, transfix, translate, traverse, traffic.

"TO THE TEACHER-In the following Word Lessons care should

be taken to refer the pupil frequently to the list of Prefixes and Affixes for the explanation of words in which they occur. In all cases the pupil should be called on to give not only the root-word, but the change wrought in the signification of the compound by the prefix. Suppose the word attraction occurs; it may be etymologically analysed as follows: the literal meaning of attraction is a drawing to; it is formed from attract by the addition of the affix-ion, denoting act of, state of being, or-ing; attract is from the latin traho, tractum, I draw, with the addition of the prefix ad, to, which here, for the sake of euphony, as it comes before t, is converted into at. Thus, to attract is literally to draw to. question may then be put, What word expresses to draw from? (Ans. ABSTRACT). To draw out? (EXTRACT). To draw forth or to prolong? (PROTRACT). To draw together? (CONTRACT). To draw back? (RETRACT), &c., &c. Again the following will be found a useful exercise in word building :

:

Gratia grace.

Grace-favour, mercy, pardon-Noun or Subs ntive.

The

Disgrace the state of being out of favour-Noun or Substantive (negative).

To grace-to mark with favour; to adorn-Verb.

To disgrace-to dishonour; to put out of favour-Verb (negative). Graceful-elegant, easy-Adjective.

Gracious-kind, good, graceful—Adjective.

Graceless-without grace, wicked-Adjective (negative). Disgraceful - dishonourable, causing shame Adjective (negative).

Ungraceful-wanting elegance, wanting beauty-Adjective (negative).

Ungracious-unpleasing, offensive-Adjective (negative). Gracefulness-elegance of manner-Noun or Substantive formed from the Adjective.

Graciousness-pleasing manner, kindness-Noun or Substantive formed from the Adjective.

Disgracefulness-the state of being out of favour, shame-Noun or Substantive formed from the Adjective. Ungraciousness-unkindness-Noun or Substantive formed from the Adjective.

Gracefully-elegantly—Adverb.

Graciously-kindly, gracefully-Adverb.

Ungracefully-not elegantly, awkwardly-Adverb (negative).
Ungraciously unkindly, ungracefully-Adverb (negative).
Disgracefully dishonourably, causing shame
(negative).

Adverb

The following list of derivatives from the root Verto, I turn, though by no means exhaustive, affords a good illustration of the importance of the knowledge of Latin Roots, and will serve as an example for the pupil to imitate :