scientific compounds, particularly in botany, mineralogy and medicine.

HEMATICS (from aipa, Greek, the blood); the branch of physiology which treats of the blood.

HEMATITE, Red, and Brown. (See Iron, Ores of.)

HEMUS, in ancient geography; a chain of mountains running eastwardly from the ancient Orbelus to the Pontus Euxinus, and separating Moesia from Thrace. It terminated in a cape on the Black sea, called Hami Extrema, at present Eminetagh. The modern name of the Hamus is Balkan, (q. v.) Fable derives this name from Hæmus, king of Thrace, who, considering himself equal to Jupiter, was changed, with his wife, who compared herself to Juno, into this mountain.

HÆNKE, Thaddeus, a Bohemian natural philosopher and traveller, was invited by the Spanish government to accompany Malaspina on his voyage round the world, in 1789. He arrived at Cadiz 24 hours after the expedition had set sail. He followed it in the next vessel that sailed to the river Plata, but was wrecked on the coast of Montevideo. Hænke swam safe ashore, with his Linnæus and his papers in his cap; and, finding that the expedition had already set sail, he determined to seek captain Malaspina in St. Jago, by crossing the Andes. Without any knowledge of the language of the country, and without any assistance, this courageous predecessor of Humboldt surmounted all obstacles, and succeeded in joining Malaspina. Hænke never returned to Europe; he died in America, perhaps purposely detained. The royal Bohemian national museum possesses his collections of natural history. It published at Prague, in 1825, Reliquia Hankeana, seu Descriptiones et Icones Plantarum quæ in America Merid. et Boreali, in Insulis Philippinis et Marianis collegit Thaddeus Hænke (with 12 engravings).

HAFF, an antiquated German word, signifying the sea, and also a large bay, which appears in geographical names, as Curische-Haff. Havre, in French, as Havre de Grace, is derived from it; and havn, in the Danish, Kiæbenhavn (Copenhagen), port of merchants, is connected with it; as are also the Swedish ham or hamn,signifying port, as in Friedrichsham (Frederic's port), the English haven, and the German hafen. HAFIZ, or HAFEZ, Mohammed Schemseddin, one of the most celebrated and most charming poets of Persia, was born at the beginning of the 14th century; studied theology and law, sciences which, in Mo

hammedan countries, are intimately connected with each other. The surname Hafiz was given him because he knew the Koran by heart. He preferred independent poverty, as a dervise, to a life at court, whither he was often invited by sultan Ahmed, who earnestly pressed him to visit Bagdad. He became a sheik, or chief of a fraternity of dervises, and died, probably at Shiraz, in 1389, where a sepulchral monument was erected to him, which has been often described by travellers; but, in October, 1825, an earthquake at Shiraz destroyed, among many other buildings, the monument of Hafiz, together with that of the celebrated Sadi. Some idea of his style and sentiments may be obtained through the medium of translations. Sir William Jones published translations of two of his odes, which are extremely beautiful; besides which, may be noticed Nott's Select Odes of Hafiz, translated into English Verse, with the Original Text (1787, 4to.), and Hindley's Persian Lyrics, from the Divan-I-Hafiz, with Paraphrases in Verse and Prose (1800, 4to.) The songs of Hafiz were collected into a divan, after his death, which was published complete (Calcutta, 1791), and translated into German by the celebrated Orientalist von Hammer (2 vols., Stuttgard, 1812-1815). The poems of Hafiz are distinguished for sprightliness and Anacreontic festivity. He is not unfrequently loud in praise of wine, love and pleasure. Some writers have sought a mystic meaning in these verses. Feridoun, Sururi, Sadi and others, have attempted to explain what they supposed to be the hidden sense.

HAGAR (i. e., the stranger); an Egyptian slave in Abraham's house. She was presented, by her mistress Sarah, to Abraham, in order that Abraham might not die without descendants, Sarah herself being barren. Hagar bore Ishmael; but Sarah soon became jealous of her, and treated her severely. Hagar fled, but afterwards returned, and, when Sarah bore Isaac, was sent away by Abraham, who, the Bible informs us, had received a divine order to dismiss her. She suffered much distress in the desert, but was relieved by an angel, and married her son to an Egyptian woman. (Gen. i, 16, 21.) Saint Paul makes her the allegorical representation of the Israelites, who were deprived of any participation in the gospel, as she with her son did not inherit any thing from Abraham. (Gal. iv. 21.)

HAGEDORN, Frederic von, a German poet, native of Hamburg, was born in 1708. He received a good education, and dis

played talents for poetry when young; but, becoming an orphan at the age of 14, he found himself dependent on his own exertions for support. He, however, continued studying in the gymnasium at Hamburg, till 1726, when he removed to the university at Jena, as a law student. In 1729, he published a small collection of poems; and the same year he went to London, in the suite of the Danish ambassador, baron von Solenthal, with whom he resided till 1731. He obtained, in 1733, the appointment of secretary to the English factory at Hamburg, which placed him in easy circumstances. It was not till 1738 that he again appeared before the public as an author, when he printed the first book of his Fables, which were much admired. In 1740, he published the Man of Letters, and, in 1743, his celebrated poem On Happiness, which established his reputation as a moral writer. The second book of his Fables appeared in 1750; and he afterwards produced many lyric pieces in the style of Prior. He died of dropsy in 1754. Wieland, in the preface to his poetical works, terms him the German Horace. HAGEN,Frederic Henry von der,professor in the university of Berlin, was born Feb. 19, 1780, at Schmiedeberg, in the Ukermark. In his 18th year, he went to Halle to study law, but Wolf's lectures won him over to the belles-lettres, in the study of which he was still more confirmed by the turn which German literature received from Schiller, Göthe, Novalis, Tieck. In 1807, Hagen published, in Berlin, a collection of old popular songs. On his travels, he became acquainted with many of the most eminent literati, and particularly Eschenburg, who liberally permitted him to make use of his important collections. In 1808, he published, with Büsching, German Poems of the Middle Ages (1 vol., 4to.); in 1809, Das Buch der Liebe, a collection of old German tales, in prose; 1809-1812, the Museum für altdeutsche Literatur und Kunst, in connexion with several other literati. In 1810, he was appointed professor of the German language and literature, at the new university of Berlin. In 1812, he published, with Büsching, the Grundriss zur Geschichte der altdeutschen Dichtkunst, and lectured on the Nibelungenlied. In 1811, he was appointed professor in Breslau. At a later period, he lectured on the old German and northern mythology; but his most important work was a new edition of the Heldenbuch. (q. v.) In 1812, he published a collection of the songs of the Edda; and, afterwards, a body of old northern Sagas; and, in 1814

-1815, translations of the Wilkina and Niflunga Saga (originally taken from the German), and of the Wolsunga Saga. He then travelled in Italy and the south of Germany, partly in company with professor Raumer, the historian. In 1820, he published, his 3d edition of the Nibelungenlied. In 1823, he went to Paris, to make use of the manuscripts of the Manessean collection of 140 old German poets. In 1824, he was again appointed professor at Berlin. He has published numerous other works illustrative of old German literature.

HAGER,Joseph; born about 1750,at Milan. of a German family; a distinguished Orientalist, professor of the Oriental languages in the university of Pavia. He first distinguished himself in the literary world by the discovery of the fraud of a Sicilian monk, named Vella, who had attempted to impose on the court of Palermo by some forged documents relative to the history of Sicily. Hager left Palermo for England, where he in vain endeavored to excite the attention of the public in favor of his researches concerning Chinese lite rature. His pretensions as an Oriental scholar were questioned by doctor Antonio Montucci, an Italian resident in that country, who was engaged in similar pursuits. Hager published an Explanation of the elementary Characters of the Chinese, with an Analysis of their Symbols and Hieroglyphics (London, 1801, folio), and a Dissertation on the newly-discovered Babylonian Inscriptions (1801, 4to.). He then went to Paris, where he produced the following works: the Monument of Yu, the most ancient Inscription in China (1802, folio); a Description of the Chinese Medals in the imperial Cabinet of France (1805, 4to.); the Chinese Pantheon, or a Comparison of the religious Rites of the Greeks with those of the Chinese (1806, 4to.). From Paris Hager removed to Milan, where he published, in Italian, Illustrations of an Oriental Zodiac, preserved in the Cabinet of Medals at Paris, and which was discovered near the Site of ancient Babylon (1812, folio). In his Miniere, he intended to show that the Turks were formerly connected with the Chinese. His Observations on the Resemblance between the Language of the Russians and that of the Romans (Milan, 1817), is full of hypotheses. Julius Klaproth has shown that Hager's works, though they have great merit, contain gross mistakes. He died at Milan, June 27, 1820.

HAGERSTOWN; a post-town of Maryland, and capital of the county of Wash

ington, on Antietam creek, 69 miles N. W. of Washington, 71 W. by N. of Baltimore; population, in 1820, 2690. (For the population in 1830, see United States.) It is a pleasant and flourishing town, regularly laid out and well built, a great part of the houses being of brick or stone. It is situated in a fertile and well cultivated tract of country, which is one of the best districts in the U. States for raising wheat. The town contains a court-house, a jail, a town-house, a masonic hall, an academy, and five houses of public worship, for German Lutherans, German Calvinists, Episcopalians, Roman Catholics, and Methodists, one each.

HAGGAI; one of the minor prophets, who, immediately after the return of the Jews from exile, urged the rebuilding of the temple, as a condition of the divine blessing for the new state. (Ezra v. 12; vi. 4.) He therefore lived in the time of Darius Hystaspes, Ezra and Zacharias. Some critics have thought that the writings now bearing his name are only summaries of his works, because, they say, they show a poverty of ideas and imagination. The best modern edition of Haggai is in Rosenmüller's Schol. in Vet. Test., p. 7, vol. iv, where the former commentaries are also to be found.

HAGIOGRAPHA (dytos, holy). The Jews divide the Old Testament into three parts: 1. the law, which comprehends the five books of Moses; 2. the prophets; and, 3. the writings termed by them Cetubim, and by the Greeks Hagiographa, whence the word has been introduced into the English language. The Cetubim comprehended the books of Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah, Chronicles, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, and Esther. The Hagiographa were distinguished from the prophecies, because the matter contained in them was not received by the way of prophecy, but simply by direction of the Spirit.

HAGUE, THE (German, Haag; Dutch, Gravenhage); a beautiful town in South Holland, 10 miles S. S. W. Leyden, and 30 S. W. Amsterdam, and nearly 3 from the sea-coast. It yields to few cities in Europe in the beauty of its streets, the stateliness of its buildings, and the pleasantness of its situation. The principal streets of the Hague are wide, straight and handsome. There are here six squares and a fine park, all of which form pleasant promenades. Of the public buildings, the old palace is an enormous pile, presenting specimens of almost every species of architecture. The mansion of the fum12

VOL. VI.

ily of Bentinck, that of prince Maurice, and the new palace begun by William III, are all deserving of attention. The number of churches is 14; and there are also several charitable institutions, The greatest defect in this pleasant town arises from the neglect of the canals, several of which are stagnant, and emit a disagreeable smell, which forms a strange contrast to the general cleanliness of the place. On the south-east of the Hague, at a distance of about a mile and a half, is the castle of Ryswick, which gave its name to the well known treaty of 1697. The Hague became, in 1250, the residence of the governors or counts of Holland. It suffered greatly in its importance after the erection of Holland into a kingdom by Bonaparte. Before the late revolution, it was, alternately with Brussels, the residence of the king and place of meeting of the states. (See Netherlands.) Population, 44,000.

HAHN, Philip Matthew, a celebrated mechanical genius, born in 1739, at Scharnhausen, was fond, when a very young boy, of making experiments with sun-dials. In his 13th year, finding in his father's library an account of the mode of constructing them, he immediately set about making one. At the age of 17, he went to the university of Tübingen, where he spent his leisure hours in making sun-dials and speaking-trumpets, grinding glasses, &c. To learn the construction of watches, he lived upon bread and water till he had saved money enough to enable him to purchase one. He continued his labors with unremitting assiduity, and eventually produced works of great ingenuity; as, a clock showing the course of the earth and the other planets, as well as that of the moon and the other satellites, and their eccentricities; a calculating machine; and many others. He died in 1790.

HAHNEMANN, Samuel Christian Frederic, doctor of medicine, and counsellor of the duke of Anhalt-Cothen, was born April 10, 1755, at Meissen, in Saxony. His father educated him with much care. While at the university of Leipsic, Hahnemann was obliged to support himself by translating English medical books, and thus even provided himself with means to continue his medical studies at Vienna. After a 'year's residence in this city, he was appointed physician, librarian and superintendent of a museum of coins, by baron von Brückenthal, governor of Transylvania. After some years, he returned to Germany, studied another year in Erlangen, and took his degree of doctor of physic in 1779, on which occasion he de

fended a dissertation, Conspectus Affectuum spasmodicorum. He then practised at Mansfeld, Dessau and Magdeburg. He afterwards relinquished the practice, and devoted himself to chemistry, and to writing on medical subjects. At this time, he conceived the first idea of the system which he afterwards developed. While engaged in translating Cullen's Materia Medica, he was dissatisfied with the explanation of the antipyretic principles in the Peruvian bark, given by that celebrated physician, and he determined to discover, by experiments, on what the power of the bark, in intermittent fevers, depended. He took it, in considerable quantity, while in perfect health, and found that it produced an ague similar to the intermittent marsh fever. He seized upon this hint of nature in his practice, which he had again commenced in the insane hospital in Georgenthal, at Brunswick and Königslutter, where, by many experiments of the effects of simple medicines on himself and his family, he acquired so much knowledge of their nature, that he effected many remarkable cures by homœopathic applications. The physicians and apothecaries immediately began to persecute him, and, at last, effected his removal by authority, on the ground of his having violated the law forbidding physicians to furnish themselves the medicines that they prescribed, which, in his way of proceeding, was necessary. He then practised in different places in the north of Germany; and, at Torgau, he wrote his Organon der rationellen Heilkunde (Dresden, 1810). A dispute was carried on, for 12 years, on the merits of his homœopathic system. In Leipsic, where, he again defended a thesis, De Helleborismo Veterum (1812), in order to obtain the privileges of a doctor in Leipsic, and taught and practised medicine, with success, for 11 years, the excitement respecting his system became, at length, so great, that government, yielding to the petition of the apothecaries, reminded Hahnemann of the above-mentioned, law, forbidding physicians to administer medicines prepared by themselves a law quite common in Germany. He could, therefore, no longer practise medicine, in that city, according to his system; and duke Ferdinand of Anhalt-Cothen offered him an asylum. In 1821, Hahnemann went to Cothen, where he now resides. He has endeavored to cure the most inveterate and protracted diseases, during the last six years, by a new application of the homoeopathic remedies; but, for want of a clinical hos

pital, has not been able, properly, to exhibit his system. Hahnemann's autobiography to 1791 is contained in Elwert's Nachrichten von dem Leben und den Schriften Deutscher Aerzte (Hildesheim, 1799). Among his works are, Die Kennzeichen der Güte und Verfälschung der Arzneimittel (Dresden, 1787); Der Caffee in seinen Wirkungen (Leipsic,1803). Of his Organon, a 2d and improved edition appeared in 1819 (Dresden), under the title Organon der Heilkunst, and, in 1824, the 3d edition (translated into French, English and Italian)-Reine Arzneimittellehre (6 vols., 1811 to 1821, 2d edition, enlarged, Dresden, 1822 et seq. (See Homeopathy.)*

HAI (sea); a Chinese word, appearing in many geographical words; as, Kan-hai (Sand-sea).

HAIL appears to be a species of snow, or snowy rain, which has undergone several congelations and superficial meltings, in its passage through different zones of the atmosphere, some temperate and others frozen. It is generally formed in sudden alternations of the fine season. Hailstones are often of considerable dimensions, exceeding sometimes the length of an inch. They sometimes fall with a velocity of 70 feet a second, or about 50 miles an hour. Their great momentum, arising from this velocity, renders them very destructive, particularly in hot climates. They not only beat down the crops, and strip trees of their leaves, fruits and branches, but sometimes kill even large beasts and men. The phenomena attending the formation and fall of hail are not well understood. But it is certain that they are connected with electricity. This fact we find noticed by Moses, who relates that "the Lord sent thunder and hail, and the fire ran along upon the ground" (Gen. ix, 23). This has been sup posed to account for the great variations of temperature to which the hail has evidently been subjected, in its passage through the different strata of the atmosphere. Artificial hail can be produced by an electrical apparatus, and volcanic eruptions are often followed by a fall of hailstones of great size. Hail-rods have been erected, at the suggestion of Volta, in countries much exposed to the ravages of hail-storms, on the same principle as light

*In Germany, there is a mixture bearing his name, which is used particularly to discover whether wine contains lead, as spurious wines often do. Its composition is as follows: I dram of sulphate of dissolved in 16 ounces of cold distilled water, well lime, and the same quantity of tartaric acid, are shaken and corked. After pouring off the pure liquid, 1 dram of pure concentrated muriatic acid is added.

ning-rods. They consist of lofty poles, tipped with metallic points, and having metallic wires communicating with the earth. By thus subtracting the superabundant electricity from clouds, he imagined that the formation of hail might be prevented. These rods are used in Germany and Switzerland, but their success is not proportionate to the expectations entertained of them. The violence with which hail is discharged upon the earth, under an oblique angle, and independently of the wind, would be explained by Volta's supposition, that two electrical clouds are drawn towards each other in a vertical direction, and by their shock produce hail, which, by the law of the composition of forces, would be projected in the diagonal of its gravity, and of the result of the direction of the clouds. In Germany, there are companies which insure against damage by hail.

HAILING; the salutation or accosting of a ship at a distance, which is usually performed with a speaking-trumpet; the first expression is Hoa, the ship ahoay, to which she answers Holloa; then follow the requisite questions and replies, &c.

HAINAUT, or HAINAULT (Hene-gowen in Dutch, Hennegau in German); a province of the Netherlands, bounded north by East Flanders and South Brabant, east by Namur, south and south-west by France, and north-west by West Flanders; population, 497,819. It sends eight members to the second chamber of the states general; the provincial estates consist of 90 members. Square miles, 1683. It is divided into three districts,-Mons, the capital, Tournay and Charleroy. It is generally level, with beautiful undulating plains and a fruitful soil. Grain is abundant, pastures excellent; minerals,-iron, lead, marble, but especially coal; in the eastern part are considerable forests. The principal rivers are the Scheldt, the Selle, the Haine, the Sambre and the Dender. In the time of the French republic and empire, it belonged to the department of Jemappes. Part of it was formerly under the Austrian government, and was called Austrian Hainault,

HAIR; the fine, threadlike, more or less elastic substance, of various form and color, which constitutes the covering of the skin, particularly of the class of mammalia. It is of a vegetative nature, and appears also in animals of the lower or ders, and, indeed in all animals which have a distinct epidermis; therefore in insects. In the crustaceous animals, it sometimes appears in particular places, as the

feet, on the margins of the shell, on the outside of the jaws, and grows in tufts. Hair is most distinctly developed in those insects as caterpillars, spiders, bees,&c.— which have a soft skin; in this case, it even appears of a feathery form; and butterflies are covered all over with a coat of woolly hair, of the most variegated and beautiful colors. The same variety and brilliancy are displayed in the feathers of birds, which may be considered as analogous to hair, whilst the two other classes of animals-fishes and reptiles-have no hair whatever. No species of mammalia is without hair in an adult state, not even the cetacea. In quadrupeds, it is of the most various conformation, from the finest wool to the quills of a porcupine or the bristles of the hog. The hair, which is spread over almost the whole of the skin, is comparatively short and soft. On particular parts, a longer, thicker and stronger kind is found; as, for instance, the mane, fetlocks and tail of the horse, the lion's mane, the covering of man's occiput, his beard, the beard of goats. The color of the hair generally affords an external characteristic of the species or variety; but climate, food and age produce great changes in it. The human body is naturally covered with long hair only on a few parts; yet the parts which we should generally describe as destitute of it, produce a fine, short, colorless, sometimes hardly perceptible hair. The only places entirely free from it are the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet; but the body of the male often produces hair like that of the head, on the breast, shoulders, arms, &c. Each hair originates in the cellular membrane of the skin, from a small cylindrical root, which is surrounded by a covering, or capsule, furnished with vessels and nerves, called the bulb. The root is tubular, and contains a clear gelatinous fluid. The pulp on which the hair is formed, passes through the bottom of the bulb, in order to enter the tube of the hair, into which it penetrates for a short distance, never, in common hairs, reaching as far as the external surface of the skin. According to Vauquelin, black hair consists of, 1. an animal matter, which constitutes the greater part; 2. a white concrete oil, in small quantity; 3. another oil, of a grayish-green color, more abundant than the former; 4. iron, the state of which in the hair is uncertain; 5. a few particles of oxide of manganese; 6. phosphate of lime; 7. carbonate of lime, in very small quantity; 8. silex, in a conspicuous quantity; 9. lastly, a considerable quantity of sulphur.