the right bank of the Aar. The castle was built, in the 11th century, by bishop Werner, on a steep, rocky situation; whence the name, which was originally Habichtsburg (Hawks-Castle). The proprietors of Hapsburg became, at a later period, counts of Hapsburg, and gradually acquired a more extensive territory. In 1273, Rodolph, count of Haps burg, was chosen emperor of Germany. He is the founder of the reigning house of Austria, which is of the line of Hapsburg-Lorraine. From Rodolph to Charles VI, the Austrian monarchs were of the Hapsburg male line. Maria Theresa, who succeeded Charles VI, married Francis Stephen of Lorraine, who, in 1745, was chosen emperor of Germany. Their son, the first of the Hapsburg-Lorraine line, Joseph II, died 1790. His successor, Leopold II, died 1792. His successor, Francis (as emperor of Germany, II; as emperor of Austria, I), is the present sovereign. The castle of Hapsburg is still to be seen on the Wülpelsberg.

HARDENBERG, Frederic von; known as an author under the name of Novalis, born May 2, 1772, died March 25, 1801. His parents paid great attention to his education. In Jena, Von Hardenberg studied philosophy, and at Leipsic and Wittenberg, the law. From thence he went to Tennstädt, where it was intended he should be practically instructed in jurisprudence. In December, 1797, he went to Freyberg, where Julia von Charpentier won his affections. In 1799, he formed a friendship with L. Tieck and the two Schlegels. He had made himself well acquainted with law, natural philosophy, mathematics and philosophy, but was most eminent for his poetical talents, In the works of Novalis, there is a singular mixture of imagination, sensibility, religion and mysticism. He was the gentlest and most amiable of enthusiasts. Some of his hymns are very beautiful. His novel Heinrich von Ofterdingen was left unfinished. His Hymns to Night have the greatest merit His works have been published at Berlin (1814 and 1816, 3d edit.).

HARDENBERG, Charles Augustus (baron, afterwards prince of); Prussian chancellor of state. He was born at Hanover, May 31, 1750, and, after having completed his studies in Leipsic and Göttingen, entered into the civil service of his country in 1770. He passed several years in travel ling through Germany, France, Holland, and particularly England. In 1778, he was made privy counsellor; but a misun

derstanding with one of the English princes induced him to resign his place in 1782, and to enter the service of Brunswick. The duke sent him to Berlin, in 1786, with the will of Frederic II, which had been deposited with him. Here he gave so much satisfaction, that the duke sent him repeatedly to the same place. In 1790, he was made minister of the last margrave of Anspach and Baireuth, on the recommendation of Prussia. When the margravate was incorporated with Prussia, Hardenberg remained in his of fice, and was made Prussian minister of state, and, soon after, cabinet minister. April 5, 1795, he signed the peace between the French republic and Prussia, on the part of the latter. At the beginning of this century, Berlin became the centre of many negotiations between the northern powers. The minister Haugwitz favored France, but the influence of Hardenberg decided the Prussian cabinet to take part with England. Count Haugwitz therefore gave in his resignation, and Hardenberg succeeded him, in August, 1804. The disasters which Prussia soon after suffered, in the conflict with Napoleon, are well known. In consequence of the treaty of December 15, 1805, which Haugwitz concluded at Vienna, between Prussia and France, Hardenberg again gave up his place to that minister; but, on the breaking out of the war of 1806, he once more resumed the port-folio. After the peace of Tilsit, he asked for his dismission; but, in 1810, the king of Prussia appointed him chancellor of state (prime minister), and endeavored to form a union with France; but the disasters of the French army in Russia changed his policy. Hardenberg signed the peace of Paris, and was created prince. He went to London with the sovereigns, and was one of the most prominent actors at the congress of Vienna. He was subsequently the active agent in all matters in which Prussia took part; he was made president of the council of state; was present, in 1818, at the congress of Aix-la-Chapelle ; in 1819, at Carlsbad; in 1820, at Vienna, at Troppau and Verona. While on a journey in the north of Italy, he fell sick at Pavia, and died at Genoa, November 27, 1822. As to his political principles in the latter part of his life, he was an active minister of the holy alliance; but, still, he understood that the time of feudalisin was past, and his abolition of feudal services and privileges in Prussia will always be remembered in his favor, He patronized the sciences munificently, and the

foundation of the university of Bonn is honorable to him. He loved power, but, at the same time, his administration had many good features. In the years 18071810, prince Hardenberg wrote Memoirs on his Time, from 1801 to the Peace of Tilsit, and, before his death, gave the manuscript to Schöll, a counsellor of state. The king, however, sealed it with his arms, and ordered it not to be opened until 1850. Hardenberg was twice married. His son by the first marriage is a count, and in the. Danish service.

HARDICANUTE, king of England and Denmark, was the son of Canute, by Emma, daughter of Richard, duke of Normandy, He succeeded his father on the Danish throne in 1038, and, at the same time, laid claim to that of England, which had devolved to his elder and half-brother, Harold. A compromise was effected, by which the southern part of the kingdom was, for a while, held in his name by his mother Emma; and, on the death of his brother, he succeeded to the whole. His government was violent and tyrannical; he revived the odious tax of Danegelt, and punished, with great severity, the insurrections which it occasioned. The death of this despicable prince, in consequence of intemperance at the nuptials of a Danish nobleman, brought his reign to an early termination, to the great joy of his subjects, in 1041.

HARDNESS, in physiology; the resistance opposed by a body to impression, or to the separation of its particles. This property depends on the force of cohesion, or on that which chemists call affinity, joined to the arrangement of the particles, to their figure, and other circumstances. A body, says M. Hauy, is considered more hard in proportion as it presents greater resistance to the friction of another hard body, such as a steel file; or as it is more capable of wearing or working into such other body, to which it may be applied by friction. Lapidaries judge of the hardness of fine stones, &c., from the difficulty with which they are worn down, or polished.

HARDOUIN, John; a learned French Jesuit, no less celebrated for his intimate acquaintance with the classical authors of antiquity, than remarkable for the singularity of his opinions respecting the authenticity of their writings. He was born in 1646, at Quimper in Bretagne, and died at Paris, 1729. The work by which he is principally known, is his Chronologia ex Nummis antiquis restituta Prolusio de Nummis Herodiadum, in which he supports the

This

extraordinary hypothesis, that almost all the writings under the names of the Greek and Roman poets and historians, are the spurious productions of the 13th century. His exceptions to this denunciation are, the works of Cicero and Pliny, as well as of some of those attributed to Horace and Virgil. He contends, at the same time, that the two latter are allegorical writers, who, under the names of Lalage and Æneas, have represented the Christian religion and the life of its founder. treatise was condemned and proscribed, the author was called upon for a public recantation of his errors, which in fact he made; but he afterwards repeated his offence in other publications. Among his 102 works are, Nummi antiqui Populorum et Urbium illustrati (1684); Pliny's Natural History, in usum Delphini (5 vols., 4to., 1685); and another in 12 folio volumes of The Councils (1705). On this latter work he expended a great deal of time and labor, but it was suppressed by the parliament. He considered all the councils, previous to that of Trent, as imaginary. A selection from father Hardouin's works, comprising most of those which had fallen under the censure of the Romish church, appeared, in 1700, at Amsterdam. The following epitaph, which has been erroneously ascribed to Atterbury, and to president de Boze, was written by Jacob Vernet, of Geneva:

3

Hic jacet hominum paradoxotatos,
Orbis litterati portentum,

Venerandæ antiquitatis cultor et depredator,
Docte febricitans,

Somnia et inaudita commenta vigilans edidit,
Scepticum pie egit,
Credulitate puer,
Audacià juvenis,
Deliriis senex.

HARE (lepus). The generic characters of this well known animal are, four cutting teeth in the upper jaw, and two in the lower; two of the upper teeth, however, are placed behind the others, and are of a much smaller size; the whole dental formula is, incisors, canines 8, molars &

=28; the two fore feet with five, and the hinder with four, toes. These animals are found in almost every part of the world, living entirely on vegetable food, and all remarkably timid. They run by a kind of leaping pace, and, in walking, use their hind feet as far as the heel. Their tails are either very short or almost wanting. The female goes with young about a month, generally producing three to six at a litter, and this about four times a year. The eyes of the young are open at birth. The dam suckles them about

20 days, after which they leave her, and procure their own food. The European hare (L. timidus) is found throughout Europe, and some parts of Asia. The color of this species is of a tawny red on the back and sides, and white on the belly. The ears, which are very long, are tipped with black; the eyes are very large and prominent. The length of this animal is about two feet, and, when full grown, it weighs six to eight pounds. It is a watchful, timid creature, always lean, and, from the form of its legs, runs swifter up hill than on level ground. Hares feed on vegetables, and are very fond of the bark of young trees; their favorite food, however, is parsley. Their flesh was forbidden to be eaten among the Jews and the ancient Britons, whilst the Romans, on the contrary, held it in great esteem. "Inter quadrupedes gloria prima lepus,"-Martial; and Horace, who is good authority as an epicure, says, Every man of taste must prefer the fore shoulder-" Fecundi leporis sapiens sectabitur armos." The flesh is now much prized for its peculiar flavor, though it is very black, dry, and devoid of fat. The voice of the hare is never heard but when it is seized or wounded. At such times, it utters a sharp, loud cry, not very unlike that of a child. It has a remarkable instinct in escaping from its enemies; and many instances of the surprising sagacity of these animals are on record, though it appears that all of them do not possess equal experience and cunning. A perpetual war is carried on against them by cats, wolves, and birds of prey; and even man makes use of every artifice to entrap these defenceless and timid creatures. They are easily tamed, but never attain such a degree of attachment as renders them domestic, always availing themselves of the first opportunity to escape. Among the devices of hares to elude their pursuers, the following have been observed: Getting up into a hollow tree, or upon ruined walls; throwing themselves into a river, and floating down some distance; or swimming out into a lake, keeping only their nose above the surface; returning on their own scent, &c. The American hare (L. Americanus), so well known under the name of rabbit, is found in most parts of North America. The summer hair is dark brown on the upper part of the head, lighter on the sides, and of an ash color below; the ears are wide, edged with white, tipped with brown, and dark colored on their back; tail, dark above, white beneath, having the inferior surface turned up; the

fore legs are shorter and the hinder longer in proportion than those of the European. In the Middle and Southern States, the change in the color of the hair is by no means as remarkable as it is farther north, where it becomes white, or nearly so. This species is from 14 to 18 inches long. The American hare generally keeps within its form during the day, feeding early in the morning or at night. The flesh is dark colored, but is much esteemed as an article of food. It is in its prime late in the autumn and in the winter.. It is not hunted in this country as in Europe, but is generally roused by a dog, and shot or caught by means of snares or a common box trap: this latter is the most usual mode. In its gait, it is very similar to the European, leaping rather than running. Like that animal, it breeds several times during the year. There are several other species of the hare inhabiting North America, of which the most remarkable is the polar hare (L. glacialis). occurs in vast numbers towards the extreme northern part of the continent. It is larger than the common hare. The fur is exceedingly thick and woolly, of the purest white in the cold months, with the exception of a tuft of long black hair at the tip of the ears. In summer, the hair becomes of a grayish brown. (See Rabbit.)

This

HARELIP is a single or double fissure of the upper lip, by which it is divided into two or three parts, and is thus made to resemble the lip of the hare. Children are not unfrequently born with this deformity. The fissure is sometimes confined to the lip, but more commonly extends to the gums and palate, which it divides into two parts. It produces great difficulty in speech, and besides keeping the mouth open, and thus suffering the saliva to escape, it is a dreadful deformity in appearance. It is very common, but, fortunately, is easily curable, so that it seldom goes long unremedied, unless from choice or timidity. The operations for removing this most unfortunate deformity, in its worst forms, are among the merits which have given celebrity to the name of Dessault.

HAREM (Arabic, sacred, the sanctuary) is used, by Mussulmans, to signify the women's apartments, which are forbidden to every man except the husband. It answers, in some measure, to the gynceum of the Greeks. The term seraglio, often used by Europeans for harem, is a corruption of the word serai, i. e., palace. The ladies are served by female slaves, and guarded by black eunuchs; the head

of the latter is called kizlar-aga. There are two kizlar-agas, one of the old, the other of the new palace, each of which has its harem. The one is occupied by the women of former sultans, and those who have incurred the displeasure of the reigning prince; the other, by such as still enjoy his favor. Doctor Clarke, who visited the summer palace during the absence of the occupants, has given a particular description of it in his Travels (vol. iii, pp. 20—37). The women of the imperial harem are all slaves, generally Circassians or Georgians; for no free born Turkish woman can be introduced into it as an odah-lic, or concubine. Their number depends solely on the pleasure of the sultan, but is very considerable. His mother, female relations and grandees, vie with each other in presenting him the handsomest slaves. Out of this great number he chooses seven wives, although but four are allowed by the prophet. These are called cadins, and have splendid appointments. The one who first presents him with a male heir is styled the sullana, by way of eminence. She must then retire into the eski serai (old palace); but if her son ascends the throne, she returns to the new palace, and has the title of sultana valide. She is the only woman who is allowed to appear without a veil; none of the others, even when sick, are permitted to lay aside the veil, in the presence of any one except the sultan. When visited by the physician, their bed is covered with a thick counterpane, and the pulse felt through gauze. The life of the ladies of the imperial harem is spent in bathing, dressing, walking in the gardens, witnessing the voluptuous dances performed by their slaves, &c. The women of other Turks enjoy the society of their friends at the baths or each other's houses, appear in public accompanied by slaves and eunuchs, and enjoy a degree of liberty which increases as they descend in rank. But those of the sultan have none of these privileges. When transferred to the summer residences on the Bosphorus, they are removed at break of day, pass from the garden to the boats between two screens, while the eunuchs, for a considerable distance round, warn every one off, on pain of death. Each boat has a cabin covered with cloth, and the eunuchs keep the boatmen or bostandjis at a distance. It is, of course, only the richer Moslems who can maintain harems; the poorer classes have generally but one wife.

HARIOT, OF HERIOT, in law; a due VOL. VI. 15

belonging to a lord at the death of his tenant, consisting of the best beast, either horse, ox, or cow, which he had at the time of his death; and, in some manors, the best goods, piece of plate, &c., are called hariots.

HARLEIAN LIBRARY. (See Harley.)
HARLEM. (See Haarlem.)

HARLEQUIN (arlecchino, Italian). It is not in our power to determine the etymology of the name of this dramatic personage. Ménage derives it from a comedian, who was so called because he frequented the house of M. de Harlay, in the reign of Henry III of France. Batteux derives it from the satirical drama of the Greeks. Riccobini conjectures (History of the Italian Theatre) that the dress of the harlequins is no other than the centunculus of the old Roman mimi, who had their heads shaved, and were called planipedes (barefooted). To the reasons adduced by Riccobini, we may add the ridiculous sword of the ancient mimi, which, with the harlequin, has been converted into a stick. Harlequins and buffoons are also called zanni, by the best Tuscan writers, probably from the Latin sannio, of which Cicero (De Oratore, ii, 61) gives a description applying so strongly to the harlequin, that it places his derivation from the planipedes almost beyond a doubt. The character of the ancient harlequin was a mixture of extravagant buffoonery with great corporeal agility, so that his body seemed almost constantly in the air. He was impudent, droll, satirical and low, and often indecent in his expressions. But, in the middle of the 16th century, his character was essentially changed. The modern harlequin laid aside the peculiarities of his predecessor. He became a simple, ignorant servant, who tries very hard to be witty, even at the expense of being malicious. He is a parasite, cowardly, yet faithful and active, but easily induced, by fear or interest, to commit all sorts of tricks and knaveries. He is a chameleon, who assumes all colors, and can be made, in the hands of a skilful actor, the principal character on the stage. He must excel in extempore sallies. The modern harlequin plays many droll tricks, which have been handed down, from generation to generation, for centuries. This account applies more particularly to the Italian harlequin. Italy, in fact, particu-` larly in the commedia dell'arte, is his natural scene of action. He can only be properly appreciated when seen in that department of the drama, and distinct from all other similar personages. Whether he

is to be tolerated or not, is a question of importance. He has found an able advocate in Möser (Harlequin, or Defence of the Grotesque-Comic). (See Mask.) The gallant, obsequious French harlequin is an entirely national mask. In the Vaudeville theatre, he is silent, with a black half mask, and reminds one, throughout the representation, of the grace and agility of the cat. (See Carlin.) In England, he became a lover and a magician; and, in exchange for the gift of language, of which he was there deprived, he was invested with the wonder-working wand, from the possession of which Mr. Douce pronounces him to be the "illegitimate successor of the old Vice" (On Shakspeare, i, 458). (See Punchinello.) A standing grotesque character, on the German stage, was called Hanswurst (Jack-Pudding), and answered to the Dutch Pickled-Herring, the French Jean-Potage, the Italian (more properly Neapolitan) Maccaroni, and the English Jack-Pudding. This family was a race of gourmands, clowns, coarse and rude in their wit.

HARLEY, Robert; earl of Oxford, and earl Mortimer, a distinguished minister of state, in the reign of queen Anne. He was born in London, in 1661, and was the son of sir Edward Harley, a Herefordshire gentleman, who had been an active partisan of the parliament during the civil war. The subject of this article, though of a Presbyterian family, adopted tory principles in politics, and joined the high church party. In the reign of William III, he acted with the whigs; but, after the accession of Anne, he, as well as his more celebrated colleague, St. John, afterwards lord Bolingbroke, deserted the party with which they had acted, and became leaders of the tories. Harley was chosen speaker of the house of commons in 1702, and afterwards was secretary of state. He resigned his post in 1708. The cabals of their political opponents having effected the removal of the duke of Marlborough and his friends from office, Harley was nominated a commissioner of the treasury and chancellor of the exchequer, in 1710. In 1711, Harley was raised to the peerage, and constituted lord high treasurer. After the peace of Utrecht, in 1713, the tory statesmen, having no longer any apprehensions of danger from abroad, began to quarrel among themselves; and the two chiefs, Oxford and Bolingbroke, especially, became personal and political foes, actuated by different views and sentiments. The former resigned the treasurership just before the

death of the queen in 1714. Whatever projects may have been formed by others of the party, there seems to be no ground for believing that lord Oxford had engaged in any measures to interrupt the Protestant succession. Early in the reign of George I, he was, however, impeached of high treason by the house of commons, and was committed to the Tower. He remained in confinement till June, 1717, when, at his own petition, he was brought before the house of peers, and, after a public trial, acquitted of the crimes laid to his charge. The rest of his life was spent in adding to his literary stores, in the collection of which he expended a considerable portion of the wealth which his public employments had enabled him to accumulate. He died May 21, 1724. His patronage was extended to Swift, Pope, and other literary men. Lord Oxford published a Letter to Swift for correcting and improving the English Tongue; an Essay on public Credit; an Essay upon Loans; and a Vindication of the Rights of the Commons of England. He was succeeded in his titles by his son Edward, who augmented the collection of printed books and manuscripts formed by his father. On the death of the second earl of Oxford, in 1741, the library of printed books was sold to Osborne, a bookseller, who published a catalogue of them, compiled by William Oldys and Samuel Johnson (4 vols., 8vo., 1743). The MSS. are preserved in the British museum, where they form the Bibliotheca Harleiana.

HARMATTAN; a wind which blows periodically from the interior parts of Africa, towards the Atlantic ocean. It prevails in December, January and February, and is generally accompanied with a fog or haze, that conceals the sun for whole days together. Extreme dryness is the characteristic of this wind; no dew falls during its continuance, which is sometimes for a fortnight or more. The whole vegetable creation is withered, and the grass becomes, at once, like hay. The human body is also affected by it, so that the skin peels off; but it checks infection, and cures cutaneous diseases.

HARMODIUS. (See Hippias, and Aristegiton.)

HARMONIA, OF HERMIONE; a daughter of Mars and Venus, the fruit of an amour, in which they were surprised by Vulcan. Her name was at first used to indicate music in general. She emigrated with her husband, the Phoenician Cadmus, into Greece, where she is said to have introduced music.