lege of physicians his paternal estate of £56 a year, for the institution of an annual festival and other purposes. In his old age, he was subject to distressing attacks of the gout, which imbittered his existence so much, that he is said to have shortened his life with a dose of opium. He died June 3, 1658. A splendid edition of his works was published in one volume, 4to., with an account of his life, by doctor Lawrence. HARWICH; a seaport of England, on a peninsular point of land on the Essex coast. It is the port from which the packets sail regularly, in time of peace, for Holland and Germany; the seat of a navy-yard, and also a considerable bathing place. Two light-houses have lately been erected on the Harwich side, to facilitate the entrance by night. The harbor is of great extent, and forms, united to the bay, a roadstead for the largest ships of war, and for an immense number of vessels at a time, upwards of 300 sail having anchored here with ease. Harwich sends two members to parliament. Population, 4010; 71 miles N. E. London; lon. 1° 17 E.; lat. 51° 57' N. HASDRUBAL; the name of several distinguished Carthaginians; among others, of the brother of Hannibal. (q. v.) léologue avec un Professeur Mahometan, in the eighth volume of the Notices et Ertraits de la Bibl. I. R. By his intercourse with Greeks in Paris, he acquired so thorough a knowledge of the modern Greek, that, in 1816, he was appointed professor of that language in the school for the liv ing Oriental languages. This study led him, imperceptibly, to the times where its first traces are discernible-times not very remote from the classical. The style of the church fathers, and the Byzantine writers, gave him a further insight into the nature of an idiom which had been neglected by most scholars, while, at the same time, the idiom itself furnished him illus trations of the Byzantine writers. The continuation of the Corpus Hist. Byz. was the chief object of his researches. Through the patronage of the Russian imperial chancellor, count Romanzoff, Hase was enabled to publish his Leo Diaconus, and some authors of the same period, forming a continuation of the Paris edition of the Byzantines (Paris, 1819). The explanatory and critical commentary, accompanying the text, is very valuable. He has since prepared for the press a similar volume, containing Psellus, and some chronographers, in the preparation of which he examined, with great care, the French and Italian libraries. Besides these, he has collected all the fragments which have any relation to the religious opinions of the Romans. In two journeys to Italy, under the patronage of the French government, in 1820 and 1821, he became acquainted with the treasures of Italian libraries. His Laur. Lydus de Ostentis, quæ supersunt, appeared at Paris in 1823, with an introduction, commentary and a Latin version. He is at present editing an edition of Stephens's Thesaurus Lin. Græc. HASE, Charles Benedict, professor of the Oriental languages at Paris, and, since 1824, member of the academy of inscriptions, born May 11, 1780, at Sulza, near Naumburg, studied at Weimar, under Böttiger. The eloquence and learning of that distinguished scholar attracted him to philological studies, to which he applied himself during his residence in Jena and Helmstädt. In 1801, he went to Paris, where Millin and Villoison introduced the young German Hellenist into their literary circle. By Villoison, Hase HASENCLEVER, Peter, a distinguished was introduced to the acquaintance of merchant, was born at Remscheid, in the Choiseul Gouffier, who, on the death of duchy of Berg, in 1716. In 1748, he esVilloison (1805), intrusted to him the pub- tablished himself at Lisbon, and afterwards lication of John Laur. Lydus's treatise at Cadiz, whence he returned to GermaDe Magistratibus Romanorum. For this ny, and had a great influence in promotpublication Hase only wrote the introdue- ing the manufacture of linen in Silesia. tion, the translation being by Fuss. At Frederic the Great used to ask his adthe same time, he began a catalogue of vice in important commercial affairs. In the classical manuscripts, which the suc- 1761, he returned to Cadiz, and, though a cesses of the French arms at that time Protestant, was the intimate friend of Vebrought from all quarters to Paris; but sub- lasquez, the grand inquisitor. He aftersequent circumstances prevented its ap- wards established a company in London, pearance. These researches carried him for exporting hemp, potash and iron to into the Byzantine literature, as appears North America, which was connected, in by his Notices du Traité de Dracon de 1765, with a house at New York, where Stratonicée sur la Métrique des Anciens; he built a great many vessels. The specalso, De l'Histoire de Leon-le-Diacre; and ulations of his partner having caused the the Entretiens de l'Empereur Manuel Pa- bankruptcy of the firm, he went to Eu rope, but soon after returned to America. He then settled in Landshut in Silesia, where he carried on an important linen trade. He died there in 1793. HASER, Charlotte Henrietta, a celebrated singer, born at Leipsic, in 1789, daughter of the director of music in the university of Leipsic. In 1804, she was engaged at the Italian opera at Dresden. In 1807, she went through Prague and Vienna to Italy. Her fine voice, her execution, and her persevering efforts to combine the advantages of the Italian and German methods, gave her a brilliant success. In private life, she was distinguished for the correctness of her morals, and her uncommon modesty. The most celebrated theatres in Italy contended for her. She was repeatedly called to Rome, where she obtained great applause. She was the first female singer in Italy who appeared in male characters, and ventured to cope with the celebrated artists Crescentini, Veluti, &c. In Naples, she was engaged at the theatre of San Carlo for a year, and was commonly known by the name of La Divina Tedesca. She afterwards married Vera, a respectable advocate in Rome, and now displays her splendid talents only among a select circle of friends. HASSE, John Adolphus, chapel-master of Augustus, king of Poland and elector of Saxony, one of the most eminent musical composers of the 18th century, was born at Bergedorf, near Hamburg (1699). His extraordinary talents were soon observed by König, afterwards poet laureate to the king of Poland, who recommended him as tenor singer for the Hamburg opera, where the celebrated Kaiser was then composer. His masterpieces served as models for Hasse, who, in the course of four years, became distinguished as a musician and singer. He brought out his first opera, Antigonus, which was received with great applause, in 1723. To perfect himself in counterpoint, he determined to study in one of the celebrated Italian schools. In 1724, he went to Italy, and studied at Naples under Porpora. Scarlatti was so pleased with his talents and modesty, that he voluntarily offered him his instruction, and called him his son. An opera which he set to music for the theatre royal, was the foundation of his reputation, and procured him from the Italians the title of il caro Sassone. All the theatres of Italy contended for the honor of having him as leader of the orchestra. He went to Venice, in 1727, where his future wife, Faustina Bordoni, was at that time in the bloom of her beauty, and the object of universal admiration. Having once heard Hasse play upon the harpsichord, she immediately fell in love with him. He was here appointed chapel-master in the conservatorio degli incurabili. His reputation now procured him the situation of chapel-master at Dresden, with a yearly salary of $9000 for himself and wife; but as he was pressed to remain in Italy, he divided his time, until 1740,between the two countries. After repeated invitations, he went to England, in 1733, where he was received with great distinction, and his opera Artaxerxes met with the highest applause. He soon, however, returned to Dresden. He went, in 1763, to Vienna, where he composed his last opera, Ruggiero, and finally removed to Venice (1770), in which city he died, in 1783. Hasse is deservedly celebrated as the most natural, elegant and judicious composer of his time. He always regarded the voice as the chief object of attention, and, without being ignorant of harmony, he made the instrumental accompaniment as simple as possible. A pupil of Leo, Vinci, Pergolese and Porpora, he was contented with being simple and natural. His compositions are so numerous, that he himself said, there were many which he should not recognise. He set all the operas of Metastasio, except Themistocles, and most of them twice or oftener. His sacred compositions (masses, Te Deums, &c.), are still favorites at Dresden, where the greatest collection of them is to be found. His wife, Faustina Bordoni, born at Venice (1700), was one of the most celebrated and beautiful singers of the 18th century. She made her début on the stage of her native city, in her 16th year; and, wherever she was heard, she was called the modern Siren. Medals were struck in honor of her at Florence. The effect of her musical talents was increased by her beauty. In 1726, she received an appointment of 15,000 florins at Vienna. In Dresden, where she was married to Hasse, she sang for the first time in 1731, and was ever after the faithful companion of her husband. HASSEL, John George Henry, a distinguished German geographer and statistical writer, was born in 1770, at Wolfenbüttel, in Brunswick, and died Jan. 18, 1829, at Weimar. He was, from 1809 to 1813, director of the statistical bureau, &c., in Cassel, then the capital of the kingdom of Westphalia. After 1816, he lived a private life at Weimar. He wrote many works of much reputation; among others, General Geographico-Statistical Lexicon (2 vols., Weimar, 1817 and 1818); Statis tical Sketch of all the European States, and the most important of the other Parts of the World (3 numbers, Weimar, 1823 and 1824); Genealogical-Statistical-Historical Almanac (annually, from 1824 to 1829, Weimar) a work which contains very extensive statistical information. It will be continued by doctor Dede, who edited the number for 1830. Hassel was coeditor of the Complete Manual of the latest Geography (Weimar, 1819 to 1829), and, in connexion with W. Müller, edited the second chief division of the Encyclopædia of Ersch and Gruber, from H to O, and contributed largely to Pierer's Encyclopædic Dictionary (Altenburg, 1824 to 1828), from A to K. HASSELQUIST, Frederic, a Swedish naturalist, was one of the most eminent among the disciples of Linnæus. He was born in the province of Ostrogothia, in 1722. The death of his father, who was vicar of a parish, leaving him without the means of support, he exerted his faculties, and obtained friends, by whose assistance he was supplied with the means of instruction. In 1741, he went to the university of Upsal, where his talents and industry drew the attention of Linnæus. In 1747, he published a dissertation De Viribus Plantarum. Soon after, he formed the scheme of making researches, on the spot, into the natural history of Palestine; and the university having furnished him with pecuniary resources, he embarked for Smyrna in August, 1749, and arrived there about the end of November. After exploring the environs of that city, he went to Egypt, whence, in March, 1751, he took the route to Palestine, by Damietta and Jaffa. He staid some time at Jerusalem, and afterwards visited other parts of the country. Returning to Smyrna, he brought with him a most noble collection of plants, minerals, fishes, reptiles, insects, and other natural curiosities. He died there, Feb. 9, 1752. The Swedish queen, Louisa Ulrica, purchased the whole of Hasselquist's acquisitions, which were deposited in the castle of Drottningholm. Linnæus, from the papers and specimens of natural history collected by his pupil, prepared for the press the Iter Palastinum, or Travels in Palestine, with Remarks on its Natural History (Stockholm, 1757, 8vo.), which has been translated into English and other European languages. HASTINGS; an ancient borough and market-town of England, on the eastern extremity of Sussex, famous for being the place near which William the Conqueror landed in England, and for the battle of Hastings, fought in the neighborhood. It is now in great repute for sea-bathing. It is one of the Cinque Ports. Its situation is beautiful; and the environs also abound with picturesque scenery and delightful walks and rides. A walk, called the marine parade, has been formed on the west of the town. The public buildings are, two very ancient churches; the town hall, built in 1823, with the market-place under it; the custom-house, and two excellent free schools. The remains of an ancient castle are still to be seen. Two miles from the town is the stone on which William is said to have dined when he landed here; it is called the conqueror's stone. Hastings sends two members to parliament. Population, 8000; 36 miles S. E. Tunbridge. HASTINGS, Warren, was born in 1732 or 1733, at the village of Churchill, in Oxfordshire, where his father was clergyman of the parish. He was educated at Westminster school, and, in 1750, went out to Bengal as a writer in the East India company's service. After having filled some of the principal offices under the British government, and made himself acquainted with Oriental literature and public affairs, he returned to England in 1765, with a moderate fortune. In 1768, he received the appointment of second in council at Madras; and, in 1771, he was removed to Bengal, to the presidency of which he was raised the following year. In 1773, he was appointed governor-general of India. He held this situation for 13 years, during which he had to encounter many serious difficulties, increased and strengthened the power of the company at the expense of the native princes, and, undoubtedly, was guilty of much oppression and injustice to attain this end. He raised the revenue of the company from 3,000,000 to £5,000,000 sterling. On the removal of lord North from office, in 1782, his opponents exerted themselves to displace those on whom he had conferred appointments. Upon the motion of Dundas, Hastings was recalled in 1785, and immediately loaded with accusations. The most prominent orators of the opposition, Fox, Burke, Sheridan and others, were arrayed against him. He was accused of having governed, in the East Indies, arbitrarily and tyrannically; of having extorted immense sums of money; of having accomplished the ruin of many princes; in short, of having exercised oppression of every description. Feb. 17, 1786, Burke laid the charges against him before the lower house, which were carried, in May, 1787, into the upper; and the trial commenced Feb. 13, 1788. The solemnity of the proceedings in a case of this nature, and the consequent slowness with which they were carried on, together with numerous interruptions, retarded the final decision. Many of the points of accusation required an accurate examination of the state of affairs in the East Indies, and witnesses had to be summoned thence to London. The speeches of the accusers often occupied several days; and, April 15, 1794, the upper house held its one hundred and twentieth session, for the purpose of coining to a final decision. The public opinion, which had, in the beginning, preponderated in favor of the accusers, now declared itself unanimously for the defendant; and the return of lord Cornwallis from India was decisive in his favor. April 13, 1795, Hastings was acquitted, and sentenced to pay only the costs of prosecution (£71,080 sterling); the crown itself had, besides this, incurred an expense of £100,000 sterling. The East India company indemnified him by a pension of £4000 for 28 years, paid him £42,000 of the amount in advance, and made him a loan of £50,000. The salary or pension was afterwards settled on him for life. He was made a member of the privy council; but he interested himself little in public affairs; and died Aug. 22, 1818. He published some pieces relating to India, and speeches and papers in defence of his conduct. HASTINGS, Francis, marquis of Hastings, earl of Rawdon, &c., was the son of John, baron Rawdon and earl of Moira, of the kingdom of Ireland, and was born Dec. 7, 1754. He was educated at Oxford; and, after a short tour on the continent, he entered the army in 1771, as an ensign in the 15th regiment of foot. Having obtained a lieutenancy, he embarked for America, in 1773, and was present at the battle of Bunker's hill. After having served in other engagements, he was nominated, in 1778, adjutant-general of the British army in America, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. He next commanded a distinct corps in South Carolina, where he successfully opposed general Gates; and, at the battle of Camden, on the 16th of August, 1780, lord Rawdon commanded one wing of the army under lord Cornwallis. He subsequently defeated general Greene; but the surrender of lord Cornwallis's army put a period to his exertions. A severe and dangerous illness, however, obliged him to quit the ar my before the conclusion of hostilities. He embarked for England, and the vessel which carried him was captured and taken to Brest; but he was immediately released, and, returning home, was made aid-decamp to the king, and created an English peer, by the title of baron Rawdon. He distinguished himself both in the English and Irish parliaments, particularly in the former, in the debates relative to the bill for the relief of persons imprisoned for small debts. InJune, 1793, he succeeded his father as earl of Moira, and the same year he was advanced to the rank of a major-general. In the summer of 1794, he was sent, with a reinforcement of 10,000 men, to join the duke of York, opposed to the French in Holland. In 1797, an attempt was made to place him at the head of the ministry; but the scheme did not succeed. When the whigs, with whom he had acted, came into power, in 1806, he was appointed master-general of the ordnance, which post he resigned on the fall of his party. He was engaged, subsequently, in political negotiations, which proved abortive; and, in 1812, as he could not act with the administration then in power, he obtained the appointment of governorgeneral of British India. In 1816, he was created viscount Loudoun, earl of Rawdon, and marquis of Hastings; and he twice received the thanks of the East India company, and of the houses of parliament, for his able services in the Indies. He returned to England in 1822, when he was succeeded by lord Amherst. March, 1824, he was nominated governor of Malta, where he resided till near the time of his death, which occurred Nov. 28, 1825, on board his majesty's ship Revenge, in Baia bay, near Naples. The later years of the life of this nobleman were 'clouded by the consequences of his profuse liberality and generous hospitality, particularly to the French emigrant noblesse. In HATCHING, natural and artificial. (See Incubation.) HATTERAS, CAPE. (See Cape.) HATTI-SHERIFF; an order which comes immediately from the grand signior, who subscribes it usually with these words :— “Let my order be executed according to its form and import." These words are usually edged with gold, or otherwise ornamented. An order given in this way is irrevocable. HATTON, Sir Christopher, an eminent statesman and lawyer in the reign of queen Elizabeth, was entered a gentleman commoner of St. Mary Hall, Oxford, but removed, without taking a degree, to the Inner Temple, not to study law, but to enlarge his knowledge of the world. He came, on one occasion, to court at a masque, when queen Elizabeth was so much struck with his graceful person and dancing, that an introduction to her favor was the immediate result. He was made one of the queen's pensioners, gentleman of the privy-chamber, captain of the guard, vice-chamberlain, privy-counsellor, and, in 1587, lord chancellor. His inexperience created much prejudice against him, but his sound natural capacity supplied his deficiency of information, and his decisions were seldom found defective in judgment or equity. He died in 1591. HATZFELD, Francis Louis, prince of, was born at Vienna, 1756, and was, in 1806, governor of Berlin, when the French entered it. The French having discovered that prince Hatzfeld continued to give the Prussian government information, &c., Napoleon ordered a court-martial to try him as a spy. The wife of the prince, being informed of the danger, hastened to Napoleon, and threw herself at his feet, assuring him that her husband was incapable of doing any thing dishonorable. Napoleon showed her the letter, which she acknowledged to be written by the prince, and fainted. When she came to herself, Napoleon told her that she had the only document against her husband in her hand, and asked her why she did not burn it. She did so, and Napoleon pardoned the prince. The Memorial of Las Cases contains the touching letter which Napoleon wrote on this occasion to the empress. Hatzfeld was afterwards employed on diplomatic missions. He was Prussian minister at the Hague and Vienna, and died, in 1827, at the latter place. HAUBOLD, Christian Gottlieb, doctor, ordinary professor of German law at Leipsic, and one of the most celebrated jurists of the time, was born at Dresden, November 4, 1766, and died, in consequence of over exertion, March 14, 1824. He began the study of law in 1781. In 1784, he defended a thesis, De Differentiis inter Testamentum nullum et inofficiosum. In 1786, he delivered his first lecture on the history of Roman law. In 1788, he was made doctor of law; 1789, appointed professor extraordinary of legal antiquities; and, finally, in 1821, second ordinary professor in the university of Leipsic. Profound knowledge of classical antiquity and of the languages, prepared him for the study of the Roman law, which he pursu ed in all its departments, and to which he directed all the powers of his mind, although no province of jurisprudence was strange to him. He secured a permanent reputation, especially by his celebrated treatise Institutionum Juris Rom. priv. historico-dogmaticorum denuo recognitarum Epitome, etc. (1821); his Lineamenta (published from his manuscripts, after his death, by Otto, Leipsic, 1825); his Doctrine Pandectarum Lineamenta cum Locis Classicis, etc. (1820); his Institutiones Juris Romani Literaria (1809); his new edition of the Rogerius Beneventanus (1821), and of the Legal Antiquities of Heineccius (1822); his Manuale Basilicorum (1819, 4to.), and his Manual of Saxon Law (1820). In his numerous dissertations,he proves himself profoundly versed in the science of jurisprudence, for which he prepared himself by his laborious researches, his iron industry, his scrupulous accuracy, and the collection, at a great sacrifice, of a valuable library. Haubold's Opuscula Academica was published by professor Wenck (Leipsic, 1825). In a continual intercourse with Hugo and Savigny, and other eminent jurists of our time, he has contributed much to the improved manner of studying the science of law from its sources. As an academical instructer, his celebrity was so great, that his lecture room was hardly capable of containing the crowds of young men from every part of Germany, and even from foreign countries, who came to receive the benefit of his instruction. His library, consisting of nearly 10,000 volumes on Greek and Roman law, was purchased by the emperor Alexander for the university of Abo. HAUGWITZ, Christian Henry Charles, count of; first minister of state and of the cabinet to the king of Prussia, born, in 1758, upon his father's estates in Silesia. After studying at Göttingen, he married, and went to Italy, where he remained several years. On his return, the Silesian estates elected him director-general of the province. Meanwhile, Leopold II, with whom he had become acquainted in Tuscany, had ascended the throne of Germany. Leopold wished to carry certain plans into execution, in conjunction with Prussia, but his propositions met with an unfavorable reception at Berlin, where Hertzberg (q. v.) was then at the head of affairs. The emperor attributed this ill success to the Prussian ambassador, and requested Frederic William II to send count Haugwitz to his court. The king complied with this request the more readily, as the numerous enemies of Hertzberg endeavor |