ed to place Haugwitz in the most favorable light. He pleaded his inexperience in diplomatic affairs, as an excuse for not accepting the mission; but, seeing that, if he persisted in his refusal,he should only offend two powerful princes, he finally accepted the post, but declined receiving any pay. When Hertzberg retired from public affairs, Frederic William, who reposed great confidence in Haugwitz, gave him the port-folio of foreign affairs and the presidency of the cabinet. In this situation, Haugwitz, in spite of much difficulty, succeeded in making Prussia the centre of all political movements. Frederic William rewarded the services of his minister with the order of the black eagle, and the grant of estates in South Prussia. When Frederic William III ascended the throne, Haugwitz retained his situation. At this time, the tendency of Haugwitz's policy was to bring France and Prussia into a closer connexion, which procured some important acquisitions to Prussia. But, when the French troops occupied Hanover, in 1803, this step appeared dangerous to the neutrality of northern Germany, which Prussia had sought to maintain, and the views of the king were changed. Under the pretence of sickness, Haugwitz now retired to his estates. Hardenberg, who succeeded him, adopted a different system, so that Prussia remained neutral. In 1805, Haugwitz left his retreat, to negotiate with Napoleon at Vienna, and concluded, after the battle of Austerlitz, the convention by which Hanover was ceded to Prussia, and the neutrality of northern Germany was acknowledged. Haugwitz now recovered his former favor, and received anew the port-folio of foreign affairs. But the occupation of Hanover involved Prussia with England, while, at the same time, her relations with France became more embarrassing than ever. Haugwitz went to Paris to reconcile the 'contending interests, but returned without accomplishing his object. He was a witness of the battle of Jena, after which he again retired to his estates in Silesia, and avoided the hostile forces by taking refuge in Vienna. In October, 1811, he was appointed curator of the university of Breslau. HAUSSEZ, baron le Mercier d', French minister of marine in 1830, was born at Neufchâtel (Normandy), in 1778. In 1799, he was accused of entering into the contrarevolutionary intrigues, and, in 1804, was implicated in the conspiracy of George Cadoudal. (q. v.) In 1814, he was appointed baron of the empire, but, in May of the same year, he was among the first to join

the Bourbons. After the restoration, he was a member of the chamber of deputies, where he sat for several years in the coté droit, without, however, exhibiting any violence in his observations or conduct, which were rather characterized by moderation and prudence. In Aug. 1829, he accepted the port-folio of the marine under Polignac, which admiral de Rigny had declined. On the breaking out of the revolution of July, 1830, he escaped to England. (For subsequent events, see France, and Polignac.)

HAUTBOY; a portable wind instrument of the reed kind, consisting of a tube gradually widening from the top towards the lower end, and furnished with keys and circular holes for modulating its sounds. The general compass of this instrument extends from the C cliff note to D in alt, but solo performers frequently carry it two or three notes higher. Its scale contains all the semitones, excepting the sharp of its lowest note. The tone of the hautboy, in skilful hands, is grateful and soothing, and particularly adapted to the expression of soft and plaintive passages.

HAUTELISSE, and BASSELISSE; French words applied to tapestry. Hautelisse carpets are those which are worked with a perpendicular warp, and Basselisse carpets with a horizontal warp. The latter are preferred in modern times, because they are easier to be made, and yet possess equal beauty. In the Netherlands, Brussels and Doornik furnish the best works of this kind; in France, the manufactory of Gobelins.

HAUY, René Just, abbé, a distinguished mineralogist, the son of a poor weaver, born 1743, at St. Just, in the department of the Oise, was at first chorister, then studied theology, and, during 21 years, occupied the place of a professor, at first in the college of Navarra, and afterwards in that of the cardinal Le Moine. He studied botany as a recreation, but his taste for mineralogy was awakened by the lectures of Daubenton. An accident led him to the formation of his system of crystalography. As he was examining the collection of minerals belonging to M. France de Croisset, he dropped a beautiful specimen of calcareous spar crystallized in prisms, which was broken by the fall. Hauy observed, with astonishment, that the fragments had the smooth, regular form of the rhomboid crystals of Iceland spar. "I have found it all!" he exclaimed; for at this moment he conceived the fundamental idea of his new system. He took the fragments home, and discovered the geometrical law of crystallization. He then studied

geometry, and invented a method of measuring and describing the forms of crystals. He now, for the first time, ventured to communicate his grand discovery to his instructer Daubenton, who, with Laplace, could with difficulty persuade the modest Hauy to communicate his discovery to the academy, which, in 1783, received him as adjunct in the class of botany. He now devoted himself wholly to his studies; so that he remained a stranger to the revolution, with all its horrors, until, having refused to take the oath of obedience to the constitution required of the priests, he was deprived of his place, and was arrested, in the midst of his calculations, as a recusant priest. He calmly continued his studies in prison. In the mean time, one of his pupils, Geoffroi de St. Hilaire, now member of the academy, exerted himself in favor of Hauy; and the remark of a tradesman, an officer of police in the quarter where Haüy lived, that "it was better to spare a recusant priest than put to death a quiet man of letters," saved his life. Geoffroi hastened to him with an order for his release. It was very late, and Hauy, occupied only with his researches, wished to remain in prison until the next day. Haily continued his studies, and even ventured to write in favor of Lavoisier, who was then in prison, and of Borda and Delambre, who had been removed from their places. After the death of Daubenton, the academy wished to name the modest Haiy his successor; but he recommended Dolomieu, who was imprisoned in Sicily, in violation of the laws of nations; the latter, however, having died soon after his liberation, Hauy received his place from the first consul. The convention had already appointed him keeper of the mineralogical collections of the école des mines, and the directory had created him professor in the Normal school, and secretary of the commissioners appointed to regulate weights and measures, the result of whose labors was the new decimal system; he was also made a member of the national institute. Bonaparte appointed him professor of mineralogy in the museum of natural history, and afterwards professor in the academy of Paris. By his influence, the study of mineralogy received a new impulse; the collections were increased fourfold, and excellently arranged. He was a most obliging and instructive superintendent of this collection. In 1803, at the command of Napoleon, he wrote his Traité de Physique, in six months. Being directed to ask some favor, he asked for a place for the husband of his niece. Napoleon granted his request, besides con

ferring on the modest savant a pension of 6000 francs. The esteem which the emperor had for this distinguished man was the more honorable both to him and to Hauy, as the latter had never stooped to flattery, and had even opposed Bonaparte's elevation to the imperial dignity, by signing nay, when the question was proposed for the ratification of the nation. When the emperor, after his return from Elba, visited the museum, he said to Hauy, "I read your Physics again in Elba, with the greatest interest;" he then decorated Hauy with the badges of the legion of honor. Haiy was in the habit of amusing himself by conversing with the pupils of the Normal school, who often visited at his house, and whom he always received and entertained with kindness. He was gentle, indulgent and benevolent. Nothing could ruffle his quiet temper but objections to his system. Notwithstanding his feebleness, he attained the age of nearly 80 years, and died June 3, 1822. Besides his valuable treatises in different periodicals, and his articles on natural history in the Encyclopédie Méthodique, his Essai sur la Théorie, et la Structure des Cristaux (1784), his Traité de Minéralogie (1801, 4 vols.), his Traité élémentaire de Physique, which has already been mentioned (1803, 2 vols.), his Traité des Caractères physiques des Pierres precieuses (1817), his Traité de Cristallographie (1822, 2 vols., with engravings), his Traité de Minéralogie (2d edit., 1822, 4 vols., with an atlas), are the most distinguished. The charge of editing the manuscripts which he left, devolved on his pupil Lafosse. The duke of Buckingham bought his precious collection of minerals, for which Haiy had refused an offer of 600,000 francs. Cuvier delivered a eulogy on him before the academy in 1823, and Brogniart, who had been his assistant, became his successor, in the museum of natural history.

HAUY, Valentin, a younger brother of the preceding, born 1746, founded the institution for the blind at Paris. Previous to this, he was an instructer in the art of calligraphy at Paris. When, in 1783, the blind pianist Mlle. Paradis, of Vienna, gave a concert at Paris, the manner in which she was able to read any thing, written or printed, by means of pins placed on it, and the manner in which she had become acquainted with geography, by the aid of maps in relief, constructed by Weissenburg, a blind man of Manheim, excited Hauy's attention. He took a poor blind boy, by the name of Lesueur, who displayed an active mind, into his

house, instructed him for some time, and then presented him to the philanthropic society. This society supplied him with the funds necessary to establish an institution, according to his plan, for 12 blind boys. Soon after, this new institution for the blind was united with that for the deaf and dumb, by the recommendation of the duke de la Rochefoucault, and removed to a building which had been a convent of the Celestines. It soon appeared, that the two kinds of unfortunates disagreed entirely, that their dislike for each other increased every day; and at length (1794) it became absolutely necessary to divide the institution. But after this separation, the establishment for the blind did not flourish so well as that for the deaf and dumb. Haiy himself was partly to blame for this. With an excellent heart, he was not sufficiently attentive to the proper management of the affairs of the establishment; and,instead of answering the design of the institution, which was to supply, as far as possible, the lost sense of the blind, he made it merely a comfortable residence for them. It was therefore abandoned, under the consular government, and the pupils were placed in the hospital of the Quinze-Vingts, with which establishment they remained connected for 14 years, until, at length, in February, 1815, Guillié, the present director of the asylum for the blind, received orders to establish an institution in another place, and to organize it in an improved manner. Haily had involved himself in many difficulties by his hasty union with an uneducated woman, and was not successful in his attempt, after the abolition of the public institution, to establish a boarding-school for the blind (the Musée des Aveugles), Notwithstanding the pension of 2000 francs, which he continued to receive from the government, his circumstances became more and more embarrassed;, he therefore accepted an invitation to superintend, at St. Petersburg, under the patronage of the empress-mother, an institution for the instruction of the blind, in which his scholar Fournier was to be his assistant. But this undertaking did not succeed, and he returned to Paris in 1806, where he lived, with his brother the mineralogist, until his death, in April, 1822. In the revolution, of which he was a warm admirer, he took no share; but, during the directorial government, he was, together with La Réveillère-Lepaux, one of the heads of the (so called) theophilanthropists. His Essai sur l'Education des Aveugles (Paris, 1786, 4to.) was printed with letters in

relief, so that the blind could trace the lines with their fingers, and thus feel the letters and words.

HAUYNE; a mineral so named by Brunn Neergaard, in honor of the celebrated abbé Hauy. It was first discovered by the abbé Gismondi, who named it latialite, from Latium, the ancient name of the country where it occurs. Nose, who observed it in the trap-rocks of Andernach, considered it as, allied to sapphire, and described under the name of saphirin ; but more recent examinations of its properties prove it to be identical with the species called lazulite (q. v.) by Haiy.

HAVANA, OF HAVANNAH (Spanish, La Habana, that is, the harbor); "the ever, faithful city of St. Christopher of the Havana," capital of the island of Cuba, and of the province and government of the same name; situated on the northern coast of the island, at the mouth of the river Lagiza, with the sea in its front. Lat. N. 23° 9 24"; lon. W. 82° 23'. Population, exclusive of the garrison and strangers, is 94,023-46,621 whites, 9225 mulattoes (of whom 1010 are slaves), and 38,177 negroes (of whom 22,830 are slaves). The total population is calculated at 112,023. The Havannah is the residence of a captain-general, and the see of a bishop. It is the most important commercial port in Spanish America, and is considered as the key of the West Indies. The harbor is not only the best in the island, but is esteemed by many as the best in the world, on account of its strength, and because it is capable of containing commodiously 1000 ships, without either cable or anchor, there being generally six fathoms of water in the bay. The entrance into the harbor is by a narrow channel, about 1000 feet wide at its entrance, so difficult of access that only one vessel can enter at a time. It is strongly fortified with platforms, works, and artillery, for half a mile, which is the length of the passage; and the mouth of this channel is secured by two strong castles, one on each side. The place is also protected by other strong fortifications. The city stands on a plain on the west side of the harbor The streets are in general narrow, crooked, unpaved and dirty. The want of common sewers, and of cleanliness, and the vicinity of marshes, contribute to the insalubrity of the Havannah,, which is much exposed to the ravages of the yellow fever, particularly in the months of August and September. The city contains 11 churches, which are magnificently ornamented, especially the cathedral, with gold and silver

lamps, images, &c.; 2 hospitals, a lazaretto, 7 monasteries and 4 nunneries, a university, colleges, botanical garden, nautical school, and 78 schools for both sexes; a dock-yard, and many other public buildings; a theatre, a place for bull-fights, and 2 agreeable promenades; also a lunatic asylum, and a large charity school. An aqueduct supplies the shipping with water, and turns the sawmills in the dock-yard. The houses are almost all of only one story, and of a Gothic structure. The principal ones are built of stone, and covered with terraces, having large apartments, yet little ornamented. The great square is one of the chief ornaments of the city. The population of Havannah was much increased by Napoleon's invasion of Spain, and by the revolutions in Spanish America. The morals of the place are loose. Gaming, cock-fighting, &c., are carried on to a great extent. The customs are Spanish; foreigners who go there, intermarry very little with the natives, as they seldom intend to make Havannah their permanent residence. The lower clergy are ignorant, and the ceremonies of religion are surrounded with a puerile show, which intelligent Catholics do not acknowledge as a constituent part of their religion. Manufactures are still in their infancy; some coarse cloths only are made. The commerce is very extensive. It has rapidly increased of late, and the rich productions of the island, as well as the favorable situation and excellent harbor of the city, have made Havannah one of the most important commercial places in the world. For a particular account of its commerce, see the article Cuba. The city was founded in 1511, by Diego Velasquez. It was taken in 1536, by a French pirate; afterwards by the English, French, and buccaneers; it was again taken by the English in 1762, but was restored to Spain at the peace of 1763.The Havannah has the honor of containing the bones of Columbus, the illustrious discoverer of America. In consequence of an order contained in the will of Columbus, his body was removed from the Carthusian convent of Seville, and deposited, along with the chains with which he had been loaded at Cuba, on the right of the high altar of the cathedral of St. Domingo. When that island was ceded to the French, his descendants directed that the brass coffin, in which the whole was contained, should be removed to this city, which was done on the 19th of January, 1796. His bones are now preserved in a silver urn on the left of the altar of the

cathedral. The department of Havannah contains the city and 42 places, with a population of 247,828, of whom 109,535 are slaves. (See the official work Cuadro Estadistico de la Siempre Fiel Isla de Cuba, correspondiente al Año de 1827 (Havana, 1829); also A. Abbot's Letters on Cuba, (Boston, 1829), and Alexander von Humboldt's Essai politique sur le Royaume de la Nouvelle Espagne (Paris, 1808–1809, 4to.)

HAVERCAMP, one of the most celebrated philologists of the 18th century, born at Utrecht in 1683, made such rapid advances in his studies, that he was numbered among the learned at the time of his leaving school. Not long afterwards, he was invited to accept the professorship of the Greek language at Leyden, to which was also annexed the professorship of history and eloquence. He published a number of valuable treatises, and died in 1742. From travelling in Italy, he derived a taste for the study of medals and coins, the fruits of which he exhibited in the Thesaurus Morellianus, in the treatise on the coins of Alexander the Great, in his universal history according to coins, and in several catalogues of collections of coins. We pass over some other writings of his, to mention his editions of the Apologeticus of Tertullian (1718), of Lucretius (1725, 2 vols., 4to.), of the history of Josephus (1726, 2 vols., fol.), of Eutropius (1729), of Orosius (1738, 4to.), of Sallust (1742, 2 vols.,4to.), and of Censorinus (1743 or 1767), which are still highly esteemed for the correctness of their text and the treatises connected with them. No less esteemed is his Sylloge Scriptorum, qui de Lingua Grace vera et recta Pronunciatione Commentaria reliquerunt (Leyden, 1736–40, 2 vols.).

HAVERHILL; a post-town, and the half shire town for Grafton county, New Hampshire, on Connecticut river, 70 miles from Concord, and 27 from Dartmouth college, in lat. 44° 3′ N. It is divided into two parishes, the north and the south, in each of which is a meeting-house. The principal village is in the south-west part of the township, on the river, and is called Haverhill Corner. Its situation is very beautiful, and it has a court-house, an academy, a jail, a bank and a printingoffice. Another pleasant village is forming in the north-west part of the town. The population of Haverhill in 1820 was 1600. (For the population in 1830, see U. States.)

HAVERHILL; a post-town in Essex county, Massachusetts, on the north side of Merrimack river, 18 miles from its mouth, 15 from Newburyport, 19 from Salem, and 30 north of Boston. It is con