dignities, Pius V intrusted to him the supervision of the galleys of the States of the Church, and Grimaldi, though already bishop, was present at the naval battle of Lepanto (1571), on which occasion he is said to have distinguished himself by his courage. The annals of the Roman church also relate of this warlike prelate, that he succeeded in totally extirpating the poison of heresy from his diocese. He died in 1592, and left behind a volume of letters relative to the events in which he had been engaged.-5. His nephew Geronimo Grimaldi, born at Genoa in 1597, was appointed, in his 28th year, vicelegate of Romagna, and afterwards bishop of Albano and governor of Rome. Urban VIII sent him as nuncio to Germany and France; and the services which he rendered the Roman court were rewarded, in 1643, by a cardinal's hat. After the death of Urban, Grimaldi, from gratitude, protected his family, and thus incurred the displeasure of Innocent, who refused, during his whole life, to sign the bull, constituting Grimaldi archbishop of Aix. Not till Alexander VII succeeded Innocent, was he able to enter on his new office (1655). He endeavored to reform the manners of the clergy of his diocese, for which purpose he established an ecclesiastical seminary; he likewise founded an hospital for the poor, and annually distributed 100,000 livres of his vast property in alms. He contributed much to the election of Innocent XI, whose virtues he revered. Although he was subsequently appointed dean of the holy college in Rome, he could not resolve to abandon the congregation intrusted to him. He died at Aix, in 1685, 90 years of age.-6. Nicholas Grimaldi, born in 1645, was invested with the Roman purple by Clement XI, in 1706. He died in 1717, leaving immense wealth.-7. Another Geronimo, born in 1674, was honored with a cardinal's hat. He had previously been the nuncio of the Roman court at Avignon, and afterwards at Brussels, in Poland and Germany. He was subsequently appointed cardinal legate of Bologna. He died in 1733.-Besides these Grimaldis, we find others of this name, conspicuous in science and art.-1. Giacomo, a writer of the 16th century, whom Tiraboschi mentions with great praise. He was born at Bologna, embraced the clerical profession, and, as superintendent of the archives of the church of St. Peter in Rome, rendered an important service by arranging the whole of this valuable collection. He also attempted to

explain the ancient inscriptions, discovered during the pontificate of Paul V, by illustrative remarks. A list of his antiquarian and philological writings may be found in the 4th volume of Scriptor. Bolognesi. He died in 1623.-2. Giovanni Francesco, called Bolognese, from his having been born in that city, lived in the 17th century, and was an eminent painter, architect and engraver. In the first mentioned art, he took the Carracci for his model; he also studied some time with Albano. Having been invited to Paris by cardinal Mazarin, he painted several frescos in the Louvre. As an architect, he was no less distinguished; and his engravings are highly esteemed. Innocent X employed him to execute the frescos in the Vatican and the Quirinal. Several of his best paintings are to be found in the church Sta. Maria del Monte in Rome; the museum at Paris also contains some of his best productions. He died in 1680, 74 years of age. Alexander, a son of his, is likewise known as a painter.-3. Francesco Maria, a Jesuit, was born in Bologna in 1613, and was distinguished as a mathematician. He assisted Riccioli in his mathematical labors, and afterwards published a work on the spots on the moon. He also wrote Physico-mathesis de Lumine Coloribus et Iride, aliisque annexis (Bologna, 1665, 4to.). This learned Jesuit died in his native city, in 1663.-4. Francesco, who likewise lived in the 17th century, and was born in the kingdom of Naples, joined the Jesuits, and is distinguished as a Latin poet. We have several bucolic and dramatic poems from him, which evince his talents. He died while professor of rhetoric in the college of the Jesuits, in Rome, in 1738, about 60 years of age.

5. Peter Grimaldi, likewise a Jesuit, was born in Civita-Vecchia, lived in the 18th century, and was, for a long time, a missionary in the East Indies. There is a story of him, that, on his return to Europe, he invented a machine, by means of which (1751) he passed through the air from Calais to Dover in an hour. It is mentioned by Pingeron, in his translation of the work of Milizia, and by Fontenai, in his Dictionnaire des Artistes. Since they give no more explicit account of the affair, and as this previous experiment is not quoted in the treatises that appeared at the time of the invention of the air-balloon (1784), we must entertain some doubt of the truth of the aerial journey ascribed to Peter Grimaldi.-6. Constantine, born at Naples, in 1667, died there in 1750, was a jurist, and was distinguished

for his knowledge of history, medicine and theology. He is, however, principally known for his controversy with Benedictis, a blind advocate of the philosophy of Aristotle, who was then publishing his Lettere apologetiche, in which he made a furious attack on Descartes and his followers. Grimaldi defended the Cartesians, and, in a severe reply, reduced the father ad absurdum.-7. Francesco Antonio (who died in Naples in 1784) was the author of some good historical works on Naples, and the constitution of that country.

GRIMM, Frederic Melchior, baron of; counsellor of state of the Russian empire, grand cross of the order of Wladimir; a man of letters, whose great reputation has arisen from posthumous publications. He was born in 1723, at Ratisbon, of poor parents, who, however, bestowed on him a good education. His taste for literature manifested itself in his youth, when he wrote a tragedy. Having finished his studies, he went to Paris as governor to the children of the count of Schomberg. Soon after, he was appointed reader to the duke of Saxe-Gotha. At this period, he became acquainted with Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who introduced him to Diderot, D'Alembert, D'Holbach, and other Parisian philosophers; a piece of service which, according to Jean-Jacques (Confessions, 8), he repaid with ingratitude. The count de Friese made him his secretary, with appointments which rendered his circumstances agreeable, and left him at liberty to pursue his inclinations. His vanity induced him to give himself the airs of a man of gallantry; and, as he attempted to repair the ravages of time by means of cosmetics, the Parisians bestowed on him the sobriquet of tyran le Blanc. The arrival of a company of Italian bouffons in Paris having divided all the musical connoisseurs into two parties, Grimm declared for the Italian music, and was at the head of the coin de la reine, a party so called because they used to sit in the pit, under the queen's box, whilst the friends of Rameau and the French music formed the coin du roi. Grimm wrote on this occasion a pamphlet, full of wit and taste, Le petit Prophète de Bömischbroda, and, when his adversaries attempted to answer it, completely confuted them by his Lettre sur la Musique Française. These pamphlets irritated so many persons against him, that they talked of exile, the Bastile, &c.; but when the excitement had subsided, he obtained a general applause. On the death of the count de Frièse, Grimm was nominated principal secretary to the

duke of Orleans. The fame of the French literati, with whom he was connected, led to his being employed, in conjunction with Diderot, to transmit to the duke of Saxe-Gotha an account of the writings, friendships, disputes, &c., of the authors of that period. Copies of this curious correspondence were also sent to the empress Catharine II, the queen of Sweden, Stanislaus, king of Poland, the duke of Deux-Ponts, the prince and princess of Hesse-Darmstadt, &c. Frederic the Great gave him marks of great esteem. In 1776, he was appointed envoy from the duke of Saxe-Gotha to the French court, honored with the title of baron, and with several orders. On the revolution breaking out, he retired to the court of Gotha, where he found a safe asylum. In 1795, the empress of Russia made him her minister plenipotentiary to the states of Lower Saxony; and he was confirmed in that post by Paul I, and retained it till ill health obliged him to relinquish it. He then returned to Gotha, and died there, Dec. 19, 1807. His grand work was published in different portions successively, under the following titlesCorrespondance Littéraire, Philosophique et Critique, adressée à un Souverain d'Allemagne, depuis 1770, jusqu'en 1782, par le Baron de Grimm et par Diderot (Paris, 1812, 5 vols., 8vo.); Correspondance Lattéraire, &c. en 1775, 1776, 1782-1790, (troisième et dernière Partie, 1813, 5 vols., 8vo.); and Correspondance Littéraire, &c. depuis 1753, jusqu'en 1760, (première Partie, 6 vols., 8vo.). A selection from this voluminous mass of literary gossip was published in 2 vols., 8vo., in French and English.

GRIMM, James Lewis Charles; born in Hanau, 1785; at present librarian of the elector of Hesse-Cassel. By his German Grammar (2d ed., Göttingen, 1822), he has rendered great service to German philology. He was the first who explained historically the elements and developement of the Teutonic dialects. This work is highly distinguished for acuteness of investigation and extensive learning, showing an intimate acquaintance with the European and Asiatic languages. With his brother William Charles, he has published several valuable collections of the productions of the early German literature. A part of his Kinder und Hausmärchen-Nursery Tales (Berlin, 1812— 1814, 2 vols., 12mo.)-has been translated under the title German Popular Stories. A third brother, L. Emilius, is an engraver, and has produced some valuable pieces.

GRIMOD DE LA REYNIÈRE, Alexandre

Balthasar Laurent, the most witty epicure of modern France, member of the Arcadians in Rome, and of several learned societies, born at Paris, 1758, was the son of a farmer-general. A defect in the formation of his hands obliges him to use artificial fingers, with which he draws, writes and carves with great dexterity. Till 1780 he was an advocate; but a bitter satire, of which he was the author, having caused him to be exiled, he subsequently devoted himself entirely to literature, passing his time in literary clubs, in the foyer of the theatres, &c. This eccentric character, in the splendid circle of his parents, used to make himself merry at the pride of rank of the noble world. He gave a celebrated banquet, to which no one was admitted who could not prove himself a bourgeois. Another time he invited to his house some persons of rank, and received them in a room hung with black, where a coffin was placed behind each of them. His epicurism equals that of Apicius or Vitellius. He lived peaceably through the revolution. In the beginning of Napoleon's reign, he became known throughout Europe by his witty Almanach des Gourmands, which he dedicated to the cook of Cambacérès (from 1803 to 1812, 8 vols., 18mo.). For the parvenus, who do not know how to use their wealth, he wrote, in 1808, Le Manuel des Amphitryons. His zeal in promoting the science of the palate, as Montaigne terms it, led him to form a jury of epicures (dégustateurs), who held a monthly session in the Rocher de Cancale, at a select table, where judgment was passed with black and white balls, on a juicy salmi or a fine blanc-manger, with all the solemnity of the Roman senate of yore, in the well known turbot session. Since 1814, Grimod has lived in the country, but without neglecting his literary pursuits. (See Cookery.)

GRISELDA; the ever-patient wife of the marquis di Saluzzo, the subject of the tenth novella in the tenth giornata of Boccaccio's Decameron. The marquis's beau idéal of a wife was a woman of all-enduring patience. He chooses Griselda, the daughter of one of his tenants, ill-treats her in a variety of ways, takes away her two sons, and makes her believe that they are killed. At last he turns her out of doors in her shift, and celebrates a marriage with a noble lady. But finding that Griselda endures every thing patiently, he takes her back, restores her two sons, and treats her as marchioness. No one can suppose that Griselda is held up as a

model. One might as well have a wax image for a wife. This subject has been treated by poets of many other nations; for instance, by Chaucer. Griselda is, therefore, not unfrequently used to designate a woman whose patience is trial-proof.

GRISETTE (French); originally a dress of coarse gray cloth, worn by the females of the lower classes; hence it is used for the females themselves, and is generally used to signify a belle of the lower classes. In the language of the theatre, grisette signifies an intriguing young girl, of the class of soubrettes.

GRISONS, THE (Graubündten); the Upper Rhætia of the ancients; since 1788 a canton of the Swiss confederacy. It is the largest in the confederacy, containing 3000 square miles, with 75,000 inhabitants, and is bounded N. by Glarus, St. Gall and the Vorarlberg; E. by the Tyrol; S. by the Valteline, Milan and the canton Ticino; W. by Uri. The Grison Alps rise 11,000 feet above the level of the sea; the line of perpetual snow is from 8200 to 8400 feet; they contain 241 glaciers and 56 waterfalls. The Inn and the Rhine have their sources here. The lowest point of the populous valley Engadin, at Martinsbruck, is 3234 feet above the level of the sea; the highest village is situated at an elevation of 5600 feet. The varieties of climate are, therefore, very striking in the Grisons. The country is divided into five great valleys:-1. The valley of the posterior Rhine, which includes the Rheinwald, and the valleys of the Schamser, the Via Mala and the Ďomlesch. The latter is formed by the posterior Rhine, is the mildest district in the Grisons, and contains 22 villages, in which the Romansh, a mixture of Latin, German and Italian, is spoken. The Schamser-Valley contains 9 villages, and is about 7 miles long. Between this and the Rheinwald is the terrible Via Mala, which is formed by the posterior Rhine. In this and in the Rheinwald, the winters last 9 months, on account of their elevated situation. Two formidable roads lead to Italy, one over the Splugen, the other over the St. Bernard. The former was passed, in 1800, by the French, under Macdonald. Lecourbe, with a considerable corps, ventured to enter the latter in 1797.-2. The second valley is that of the anterior Rhine, which extends from the western frontier and the St. Gothard to Coire and Luciensteig. Here are the most interesting points-the old Benedictine abbey Disentis, whose literary treasures and buildings were destroyed, in 1799, by the French;

also Ilantz (the town), the old Coire (q. v.), where Roman antiquities and coins are found.-3. The third valley is that of Engadin, or the valley of the Upper Inn, which stretches from south-west to northeast, and contains, indeed, no important town, but incomparable views and picturesque scenery. It is one of the most romantic spots on earth.-4. The fourth valley is formed by the Albula, a river which rises in the Julian or Septimian mountains, and falls into the Posterior Rhine at Thusis.-5. The fifth valley is that of the Prettigau, situated on the northern frontier, in the neighborhood of the Vorarlberg; Mayenfield is the principal town.-The people of the Grisons are divided into three leagues (in German,Bünde; hence the German name of the canton, Graubündten); the League of God's house, the capital of which is Coire; the Gray League, with Ilantz; and the League of the Ten Jurisdictions, of which Davos is considered as the chief place. In these three places 63 deputies of the leagues assemble annually in September, under three heads, deliberate on the affairs of the canton, and decide, finally, in legal cases. The canton sends 1600 men to the army of the confederacy, and contributes 12,000 guilders. About two thirds of the inhabitants profess the Helvetic Protestant religion. But the ministers have so scanty an income, that they are obliged to maintain themselves by their industry. The only Latin school is in Coire. About 10,000 of the inhabitants speak an Italian dialect; these are in Engadin. About 28,000 speak the Swiss dialect of the German, and more than 36,000, chiefly near the sources of the Rhine, speak the Romansh or Ladin. This language is a relic of the old Romana rustica. Commerce is much interrupted by the narrowness of the passes on the frontiers. The exports (chiefly to Milan) are cattle, cheese, coals and rare minerals; for which grain, salt, linen and cloth are received in return.

GRIST MILL. (See Mill.)

GRISWOLD, Roger, a governor of Connecticut, was born at Lyme, in that state, May 21, 1762. His father had also been governor, and his mother was the daughter of the first and the sister of the second governor Wolcott. He was graduated at Yale college in 1780, and, three years afterwards, admitted to the bar, where he soon acquired the highest distinction. In 1794, he was elected a member of congress, in which body his intimate knowledge of the public affairs and true interests of his country, joined to his great talents,

general information and urbane demeanor, gave him great influence. President Adams offered him, in 1801, the secretariship of war, which was, however, declined. In 1807 he resigned his seat in the house of representatives. In this year he became a judge of the supreme court of Connecticut, and filled the office with much reputation. In 1808 he was one of the electors of president and vice-president. In 1809 he was chosen lieutenant-governor, and in 1811 governor, of his native state. He died in October, 1812. Governor Griswold was uncommonly amiable and dignified, as well as able. He was, for several years, an eminent leader of the federal party,

GRITTI; a noble Venetian family. Andrew, having been taken prisoner by the Turks, concluded a treaty between the Porte and Venice (1501). At a later period, he commanded the Venetian armies in the war against the league of Cambray, was made prisoner by Gaston de Foix (q. v.), and persuaded Louis XII to secede from the league, and, in 1513, to conclude a treaty with the republic. From 1523 to 1538, he was doge.-Ludovico Gritti, son of Andrew, was born in Constantinople, during his father's captivity; served in the armies of the Turks, among whom he enjoyed a high reputation; commanded at the siege of Vienna; defended Buda, in 1531; became governor of Hungary, but drew upon himself the popular hatred by the murder of the bishop of Wardein. The Hungarians besieged him in Medwisch, which they took in 1534. They cut off his hands in the morning, his feet at noon, and his head in the evening.

GROG; a general name for any spirituous liquor and water mixed together; but is more particularly applied to rum and water cold, without sugar.

GRÖGER, Frederic Charles, and ALDENRATH, Henry; the former born 1766, in Holstein; the latter, 1774, in Lubeck; two inseparable friends and artists. Gröger is a historical painter, and Aldenrath a miniature painter. Both have distinguished themselves by lithographic productions. Gröger had to struggle, in his youth, with the greatest obstacles, having been an apprentice to a tailor, a turner and a house painter, and was often punished for following his inclinations for drawing. They live in Hamburg.

GROIN, among builders, is the angular curve made by the intersection of two semi-cylinders or arches, and is either regular or irregular:-regular, as when the intersecting arches, whether semicircular

or semi-elliptical, are of the same diameters and heights; and irregular, when one of the arches is semicircular, and the other semi-elliptical.

GROLMAN, Charles Louis William von, late minister of justice and the interior, and president of the council of ministers of the grand-duke of Hesse-Darınstadt, was born July 23, 1775, in Giessen. In 1798, he was appointed professor of law in the university of Giessen. In 1816, he was called to Darmstadt, to preside over a commission for drawing up a new code. He rose gradually to the post of minister, in which he managed all branches of the government, except the military. Grolman, during his long career as professor of law, has written many works, some of distinguished merit, as his Principles of the Science of Criminal Law (4th edit., 1826), in which he lays down the theory of prevention, as the German lawyers call it, and several others. He has also edited or written for several law periodicals of high reputation.

GRONINGEN; a province of the kingdom of the Netherlands, between 52° 50 and 53° 28′ N. lat., and 6° 10′ and 7° 13′ E. lon., forming the north-eastern extremity of the kingdom, on the coast of the German ocean, containing 780 square miles; is protected against the encroachments of the sea by dikes. It is very level, and is intersected by innumerable canals, partly for the purpose of safety, and partly to drain the land, which is in some parts fertile, in others sandy, and in others marshy. In the south-east are the vast morasses of Bourtange. There are many lakes, of which the Zuidlaader, the Schild and the Foxholster are the principal. The climate is damp. The 142,575 inhabitants are mostly Calvinists, and raise great numbers of cattle. Groningen takes the sixteenth place in the kingdom, and sends four deputies to the states-general. The provincial states consist of 36 members. În 1810, it was made a department of the French empire, under the name of the Western Ems. The capital of this province is Groningen. (See the following article.)

GRONINGEN; a city in the Netherlands, capital of the province of Groningen, on the rivers Hunse and Fivel, 81 miles west of Bremen, 100 miles north-east of Amsterdam; lat. 53° 13′ 13′′ N.; lon. 6° 34′ 26 E.; 27,800 inhabitants; churches, 12. It is large, rich, strong, well peopled, and adorned with many excellent buildings, public and private; its figure is nearly round, encompassed with good ramparts, guarded by large ditches filled with water,

besides many bastions and other fortifications, which would render an attack upon it very difficult. Its port is very commodious; ships enter with great ease by means of a canal, whose sides are lined with large stones for about nine miles from the sea. The university of Groningen, founded in 1614, and endowed with the revenues of several monasteries, has long been respectable. It consists of five faculties, and has a good library. Here are also academies for drawing, navigation and agriculture, an institution for the deaf and dumb, and societies of lawyers and physicians. In 1826, an epidemic, caused by the great drought, did great injury. Some authors think this city to be on the spot of the ancient fortress which Tacitus mentions under the name of Corbulonis monumentum, but there is no historical proof of it.

GRONOVIUS (properly Gronov); the name of several celebrated critics and philologists. 1. John Frederic, one of the most learned students of antiquities, was born at Hamburg in 1611. He studied at Leipsic and Jena, and went through a course of law at Altdorf, spent some time in Holland and England, was appointed professor of history and eloquence at Deventer, and, after the death of Daniel Heinsius, succeeded him, as professor of belles-lettres at Leyden (1658), where he died 1671. With extensive knowledge he combined indefatigable industry and amiable manners. His editions of Livy, Statius, Justin, Tacitus, Gellius, Phædrus, Seneca, Sallust, Pliny, Plautus, &c., and his Observations, are valuable for their notes and improved readings. His Commentarius de Sesterciis displays a thorough acquaintance with the Roman language and antiquities; and his edition of Hugo Grotius's work, De Jure Belli et Paris, is justly valued, on account of the notes. 2. His son James, born at Deventer, in 1645, studied there and at Leyden. He spent some months at Oxford and Cambridge, and returned to Leyden, where he published, in 1676, an edition of Polybius, which met with such applause, that he received an offer of a professorship at Deventer. He refused it, however, from a desire to travel through France, Spain and Italy. The grand-duke of Tuscany conferred on him a professorship at Pisa, which he relinquished in 1679, and was appointed professor of belles-lettres at Leyden and geographer to the university. He died at Leyden in 1716. This learned and industrious critic edited Tacitus, Polybius, Herodotus, Pomponius Mela, Cicero, Ammianus Marcellinus, &c., and compiled the valuable The