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In the modern version,

"A tempestuous wind, called Euroclydon."-Acts, ch. 27. v. 14.

Macbeth says, (act 4. p. 144.)

"Though you untye the windes, and let them fight

Against the churches: though the YESTY waues
Confound and swallow nauigation up:

Though bladed corne be lodg'd, and trees blown downe,
Though castles topple on their warders heads :

Though pallaces and pyramids do slope

Their heads to their foundations: though the treasure
Of nature's germaine tumble altogether

Euen till destruction sicken."

"YESTY waves (says S. Johnson), that is foaming or frothy."

A little matter however always makes the waves frothy. But Johnson knew what the YEAST of beer was; (which comes indeed from the same verb) and the epithet Yesty conveyed to him no stronger idea than that of fermentation. But YESTY here is the Anglo-Saxon stig, iestig, procellosus,

are Gross-(Johannis) beeren. In French Groseille, and Petit Groseille. In Kent black currants are, I am told, called Gazles.

A reference to the various designations collected by Nemnich in his Polyglotten-Lexicon der Naturgeschichte seems, however, to leave no doubt that our word GOOSEBERRY is no other than the name given to the same fruit by our Teutonic neighbours: e. g.

Germ. Krausbeere, Kräuselbeere, Gruselbeere, Grosselbeere, Graselbeere, Kreutzbeere, Krutzbeere, Christbeere, (Uva Christi, Littleton.) Dutch, Kruisbessen, Kroesbaeye: see Kilian.-Dan. & Sw. Krusbær. Uva crispa is given as the Latin name; and kraus, kroes, is crispus. However, the signification of the name has been so much lost sight of, that it seems to have been modified to suit the fancied reference of it to a Cross, a Cruse, a Goose, &c. The fruit is called Grozer in Scotland and the North of England: see Brockett and Nemnich. In Norfolk the A.-S. name Thepes, or Febes, is still retained.

If the relation between the Teutonic Grosselbeere, &c. and the low Latin Grossularia seems very probable, still the question remains as to which is the original, whether kroes, crispus, or grossulus, a little fig. Gerarde, booke 3. ch. 22, gives the following account:-"This shrub hath no name among the old writers, who, as we deeme knew it not, or else esteemed it not; the later writers call it in Latine, Crossularia: and oftentimes of the berries, Uva Crispa, Uva Spina, Uva Spinella, and Uva Crispina in high Dutch Kruselbeer; in low Dutch Stekelbessen. .... in English, Gooseberry, Goose-berry bush, and Fea-berry bush in Cheshire, my native country."-ED.]

stormy, enraged: which much better accords with Shakespeare's high-charged description than the wretched allusion to fermenting beer.

Pered, Perd, Pert, or WEST, is the past participle of Peran, macerare, To Wet.

NORTH, i. e. Nýpped, or Nýɲpo, the third person singular of Nýɲpan, coarctare, constringere. NORD and NORR (as it is in the other European languages) is the past participle of the same verb.

"Frosts that constrain the ground, and birth deny To flowers that in its womb expecting lie.”

Dryden: Astræa redus. In the Anglo-Saxon Nippo or Nypp is also the name for a prison, or any place which narroweth or closely confines a

person.

SOUTH is the past tense and past participle of Seopan, coquere, To Seethe.

"Peter fyshed for hys foode, and hys fellowe Andrewe,

Some they sold and some they soтn, and so they liued both.” Vision of Pierce Ploughman, pass. 16. fol. 81. p. 2. "Nero gouerned all the peoples that the violent wyne Nothus skorcyth and baketh the brennyng sandes by hys dry heate, that is to say, al the peoples in the SOUTHE.”—Boecius, fol. 230. p. 1. col. 1.

Dryden, whose practical knowledge of English was (beyond all others) exquisite and wonderful, says in his Don Sebastian, (act 2. sc. 2.)

"Here the warm planet ripens and sublimes

The well-baked beauties of the sOUTHERN climes."

I need not notice to you that the French, SUD, and our English word SUDS, &c. is the same as Sod or Sodden.

And now, I suppose, I

may conclude the subject.

CHAPTER V.

THE SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED.

F-I STILL wish for an explanation of one word morc; which, on account of its extreme importance, ought not to be omitted.

What is TRUTH?

You know, when Pilate had asked the same question, he went out, and would not stay for the answer'. And from that time to this, no answer has been given. And from that time to this, mankind have been wrangling and tearing each other to pieces for the TRUTH, without once considering the meaning of the word.

H.-In the gospel of John, it is as you have stated. But in the gospel of Nichodemus (which, I doubt not, had originally its full share in the conversion of the world to christianity3) Pilate awaits the answer, and has it "Thou sayest that I am a kynge, and to that I was borne, and for to declare to the worlde that who soo be of TROUTH wyll here my worde. Than

1 See John, xviii. 38. "What is Truth? said jesting Pilate; and would not stay for an answer."-Bacon's Essays.

2 ["CANONICA, in philosophical history, an appellation given by Epicurus to his doctrine of logic. It was called Canonica, as consisting of a few canons or rules for directing the understanding in the pursuit and knowledge of truth. Epicurus's Canonica is represented as a very slight and insufficient logic by several of the antients, who put a great value on his ethics and physics. Laertius even assures us that the Epicureans rejected logic as a superfluous science; and Plutarch complains that Epicurus made an unskilful and preposterous use of syllogisms. But these censures seem too severe. Epicurus was not averse to the study of logic, but even gave better rules in this art than those philosophers who aimed at no glory but that of logics. He only seems to have rejected the dialects of the Stoics, as full of vain subtilties and deceits, and fitted rather for parade and disputation than real use. The stress of Epicurus's Canonica consists in his doctrine of the criteria of truth. All questions in philosophy are either concerning words or things concerning things we seek their truth; concerning words, their signification: things are either natural or moral; and the former are either perceived by sense or by the understanding. Hence, according to Epicurus, arise three criterions of truth, viz. sense, anticipation or prænotion, and passion. The great canon or principal of Epicurus's logic is, that the senses are never deceived; and therefore that every sensation or perception of an appearance is true."-Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 4. p. 119.].

Nicodemus was the Patron Apostle of our ancestors the AngloSaxons and their immediate descendants: his Gospel was their favourite authority and it was translated for their use, both into AngloSaxon and into old English; which translations still remain, and the latter of them was one amongst the first books printed. By Wynkyn de Worde. Anno 1511.

sayd Pylate, What is TROUTH, By thy worde there is but lytell TROUTH in the worlde. Our Lorde sayd to Pylate, Understande TROUTH how that it is judged in erth of them that dwell therin."-Nychodemus Gospell, ch. 2.

F.-Well, What say you to it?

H.-That the story is better told by John: for the answer was not worth the staying for. And yet there is something in it perhaps for it declares that "TRUTH is judged in erth of them that dwell therin." However, this word will give us no trouble. Like the other words, TRUE is also a past participle of the verb TKANAN, Tɲeopan, confidere, To Think, To Believe firmly, To be thoroughly persuaded of, To Trow.

"Marke it, Nuncle.

Haue more then thou showest,

Speake lesse then thou knowest,
Lend lesse then thou owest,

Ride more then thou goest,

Learne more then thou TROWEST."—Lear, p. 288.

This past participle was antiently written TREW', which is the regular past tense of TROw; as the verbs To Blow, To Crow, To Grow, To Know, To Throw, give us in the past tense, Blew, Crew, Grew, Knew, Threw. Of which had the learned Dr. Gil been aware, he would not, in his Logonomia

1 ["Thou minde, of yeeres and of obliuion foe, Of what so is, guardaine and steward TREW."

Godfrey of Bulloigne, Translated by R. C. p. 21.

"A bedroll long and TREW he reckoneth.”

"Graunt that the heau'ns thereof giue evidence,

Ibid. p. 22.

And as yourselfe expound, so be it TREW."-Ibid. p. 85.

"Leauing the charge of me, and of the state

To brother, whom he bare a loue so TREW."-Ibid. cant. 4. st. 40. Roberte Whytinton, poete laureate, in his translation of Tullye's Offyces, fyrst booke, writes TREWE.

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In kepynge TREWE tutche and promesse in bargaynynge."]

2[To Show-Past participle shew.

To Sow

To Draw

sew.

drew.]

Anglica, p. 64, have told us that TRU, ratus, was verbale anomalum of I TROU, reor."

Of this I need not give you any instances; because the word is perpetually written TREW, by all our antient authors in prose and verse, from the time of Edward the third to Edward the sixth.

TRUE, as we now write it; or TREW, as it was formerly written; means simply and merely-That which is TROWED'. And, instead of its being a rare commodity upon earth; except only in words, there is nothing but TRUTH in the world.

That every man, in his communication with others, should speak that which he TROWETH, is of so great importance to mankind; that it ought not to surprize us, if we find the most extravagant and exaggerated praises bestowed upon TRUTH. But TRUTH supposes mankind: for whom and by whom alone the word is formed, and to whom only it is applicable. If no man, no TRUTH. There is therefore no such thing as eternal, immutable, everlasting TRUTH; unless mankind, such as they are at present, be also eternal, immutable, and everlasting. Two persons may contradict each other, and yet both speak TRUTH for the TRUTH of one person may be opposite to the TRUTH of another. To speak TRUTH may be a vice as well as a virtue for there are many occasions where it ought not to be spoken.

["Sed incidunt sæpe tempora, cum ea quæ maxime videntur digna esse justo homine, eoque quem virum bonum dicimus, commutantur, fiuntque contraria; ut non reddere depositum, etiam nefarioso promissum facere, quæque pertinent ad veritatem et ad fidem, ea negare interdum et non servare, sit justum."-Tully's Offices.]

1 Mer. Casaubon derives TRUE from the Greek arpeкns; and arpeкns from arpens, impavidus.

2 ["That which is TRUE onely Is, and the rest is not at all.”—Spenser's View of the State of Ireland, Todd's ed. 1805. p. 501.]

9 ["Ciò ben sappiam, che la divina essenza,

In cui tutti viviamo, a nostre menti

Aià del VERO donò la conoscenza."

Metastasio, La Morte di Catone, Ed, Parigi, tom. 10.

p. 167.]

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