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91. Resumé of the influence of the Revolution in France over Europe,
504
CHAPTER XXV.
FRANCE FROM THE OVERTHROW OF THE KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS IN OCTOBER
1830, TO THE ABOLITION OF THE HEREDITARY PEERAGE IN SEPTEMBER 1831.
1. Change in the attitude of France in reference to the Continental powers,
2. Cabinet divisions, and fall of the Ministry,
506
507
3. Commencement of the trial of the late Ministers,
508
4. Conduct of the accused before the trial,
509
5. Disturbed state of Paris before this,
6. Commencement of the trial,
7. Dissolution of the Administration,
8. Formation of M. Lafitte's ministry,
9. M. Lafitte's statement of the principles of his ministry,
10. Progress of the trial of the ex-ministers,
510
511
512
514
515
516
13. The accused are safely conveyed to Vincennes, and thence to Ham,
14. Disaffection of the National Guard, and the misery of the capital,
16. Dismissal of M. de Lafayette from the command of the National Guard,
17. Changes in the Cabinet,
521
522
18. Favourable accounts from Algiers,
523
19. Great additional expenditure for the army and its forces,
524
20. Competition for the crown of Belgium, and its final separation from Hol-
land,
525
21. Crown of Belgium offered to Duke de Nemours,
526
22. Protocol, Jan. 20, 1831, fixing limits of Holland and Belgium,
527
23. Views in London and Paris on Louis Philippe's refusal,
26. Insurrections in Bologna, Modena, Reggio, and Parma,
530
27. Intervention of Austria in Italy, .
532
28. Entry of the Austrians into Bologna, and suppression of the insurrection,
40. Extravagant ideas generally afloat in society at this time,
ib.
41. State of corruption into which the system of centralisation had sunk
52. Casimir Périer's speech on the principles of his government,
54. Louis Philippe's efforts to conciliate the electors,
46. Attacks on individuals, and deplorable weakness of Government,
47. Fall of Lafitte, and appointment of Casimir Périer in his stead,
48. Views of parties on this change of Ministry,
50. Proscription of the elder branch of the Bourbons,
51. Violent opposition of the liberal journals to Casimir Périer, and forma-
tion of the National Association,
53. Continued in reference to foreign affairs,
55. Disturbances in Paris,
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
59. Defeat of the Government on the choice of President and Vice-President, 60. Affairs of Holland and Flanders,
65. Change which this election made on the views of Holland and Belgium,
66. Change in the policy of Great Britain regarding Belgium,
67. Change in the language of England and France regarding Luxembourg,
68. Progress of the negotiation, and secret treaty of France and England,
69. The five powers deviate from the Act of Separation, and the King of Hol-
land declares war,
70. Commencement of hostilities, and position and forces on the two sides,
71. Total defeat of the Belgians,
74. Renewed conferences, and reasons which made the northern powers
acquiesce in them,
77. The French compel the submission of the Portuguese government,
78. Vehement excitement in Paris from these events,
85. Violent scene in the Chamber on the debate on Poland,
584
89. Striking speech of M. de Martignac, which causes the rejection of the
90. Question of the abolition of the hereditary peerage,
103. Creation of peers to force it through the Upper House, where it passes,
104. Reflections on this event,
105. Previous degradation of the hereditary peerage,
106. Experience of Great Britain in regard to a hereditary peerage,
599
600
601
602
107. Reason of the superiority in general of the aristocracy as statesmen,
108. Increased vigour and capacity this gives to the higher branches of the
aristocracy,
109. Importance of the interests of the hereditary peers being identified with
those of production,
605
CHAPTER XXVI.
POLISH REVOLUTION AND WAR, FROM ITS COMMENCEMENT IN NOVEMBER 1830,
TO ITS TERMINATION IN SEPTEMBER 1831.
1. Terrible wars which have ever prevailed between Europe and Asia,
2. Causes of this perpetual strife,
3. Opposite sources of their strength and weakness,
4. Disastrous effects of the conquest of the Byzantine Empire by the Turks,
and of the partition of Poland,
6. Vast increase of the power of Russia from the partition of Poland,
7. Faults of the Poles which led to their subjugation,
611
8. It was the impatience of taxation which ruined Poland,
612
9. Mysterious connection between Poland and the cause of democracy,
10. Prosperity of Poland under the Russian rule from 1815 to 1830,
15. Supineness of Constantine, and progress of the conspiracy,
16. Insurrection of 29th November at Warsaw,
620
17. Rapid progress of the insurrection, and retreat of Constantine from
19. First act of the new government, and negotiation with Constantine,
623
20. Constantine sends back the Polish troops, and retreats into Russia,
21. Enthusiasm on the arrival of the Polish troops in Warsaw,
625
22. Chlopicki seizes the dictatorship,
23. Chlopicki: his biography and character,
24. His views in regard to the revolution, .
626
627
628
30. Great Britain declines to join France in interfering in favour of Poland,
December, and is reappointed,
32. His first acts after his appointment,
34-38. Manifesto of the Polish Diet,
27. Unsuccessful negotiations with Nicholas,
28. Preparations and conference of Austria, Prussia, and Russia,
29. Secret views of Austria and France at this juncture,
31. Chlopicki resigns the dictatorship on the meeting of the Diet, 20th
33. Menacing proclamation, and vast preparations of the Czar,
39. Chlopicki's vain efforts to bring about an accommodation,
40. The Czar is dethroned by the Diet,
41. Statistics of the strength of Russia at this period,
42. Statistics of the kingdom of Poland,
43. Statistics of Austrian and Prussian Poland,
44. Statistics of Lithuania and Russian Poland,
45. Military forces on the opposite sides,
46. Strategetical advantages of the Poles,
47. Advance of Diebitch towards Warsaw,
48. Position and forces on the opposite sides,
49. Battle of Grochow,
50. Battle of Praga,
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637-640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
54. Parallel of Grochow and Sieroczyn with Inkermann and Balaklava,
655
55. Operations of Dwernicki on the left bank of the Vistula,
56. Skrzynecki appointed generalissimo by the Diet,
657
57. His biography and character,
58. Ineffectual attempts at a negotiation, and vigorous preparations of
65. Opinion of Prondzynski and others, which is not adopted,
664
66. Victory of the Poles at Iganie,
665
67. Cholera breaks out in the Polish army, which is arrested in its advance,
68. Bad success of Sierawiki on the right,
666
69. Defeat of Dwernicki in Volhynia, who is obliged to take refuge in Gallicia,
70. Insurrection in Podolia and the Ukraine, and its final discomfiture,
71. Operations in the centre,
72. Expedition of Chrzanowski into Volhynia, and its defeat,
73. March of Skrzynecki against the Russian right,
74. Diebitch marches against the Polish rear,
75. Battle of Ostrolenka,
76. Repulse of the Poles,
77. Its results,
667
669
670
671
672
673
674
S
78. Death of Diebitch and the Grand-duke Constantine,
Page
675
79. Suspension of hostilities of the two armies, and appointment of Paskiewitch
81. Battle of Wilna, and defeat of the Poles,
82. Desperate state of the Poles, and plan of Paskiewitch,
83. Paskiewitch's plans and forces, and preparations of the Poles,
84. Paskiewitch crosses the Vistula,
85. Fall of Skrzynecki, who is succeeded by Dembinski,
86. Massacres in Warsaw,
678
679
680
681
682
683
87. Preparations and forces on both sides for the final struggle,
88. Victory of Ramorino over Rosen and Golowin,
684
92. The remainder of the Polish troops take refuge in Austria and Prussia,
93. Results of the war to both parties,
688
689
94. Conduct of Nicholas in Poland after the war, and in the cholera, 95. Reflections on the fall of Poland,
690
96. Excess of democracy in Poland ruined everything,
97. Democracy has doubled the strength of Russia, and prevented the restora-
tion of Poland,
98. Unity of the East is its strength, divisions of the West its weakness,
99. Restoration of Poland essential to independence of Europe,
691
692
693