History of Europe: From the Fall of Napoleon, in 1815, to the Accession of Louis Napoleon, in 1852, Volume 4

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W. Blackwood and sons, 1855

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Pernicious effects of the potato
10
Want of poorlaws
12
Absentee proprietors 13 Ribbonmen and secret societies 14 Orange lodges
14
Irregularity and uncertainty in the administration of justice
15
Intimidation of juries and witnesses
16
7
17
Effects of that measure
18
19 Disturbed state of Ireland in 1823 and prosecutions for the riot in
19
Dublin theatre 20 20 Disturbed state of the country
20
Renewal of the Insurrection Act and composition for tithes
21
Debates on Irish corruption and Catholic emancipation
22
Improvement of the country in 1824
24
Beneficial working of the TitheComposition Bill
25
Rise of the Catholic Association
26
Real objects of the Association
27
Roman Catholic question in reference to England
28
Parliamentary Reform Alien Bill and reversal of Scottish attainders
29
Reflections on the Alien Act
30
Act for uniformity of weights and measures
31
Reflections on this interview 453
32
VOL IV
33
Violence of parties and misery in Paris
35
Which was occasioned by the contraction of the currency
40
The bill is carried and immediately evaded
42
Character of George IV variously given by opposite parties
46
22
48
His personal character and Queen
52
The bill is carried by a large majority in both Houses
56
And death of Mr Huskisson
61
23
63
24
64
25
65
26
66
28
67
Results of the election
68
29
69
31
70
Duke of Wellingtons famous speech against any reform
73
Discussion on particular boroughsAppleby
74
Death of Diebitch and the Grandduke Constantine
78
Bill thrown out by a majority of fortyone
81
Kings message regarding Portugal
84
How this had come to pass
85
5053 Mr Cannings speech on the subject in the House of Commons 8688
86
Frightful disorders
87
Vast effect of this speech and the expedition sets out for Lisbon
89
Reflections on this point
90
Improved state of the country in the beginning of of 1827
91
Death of the Duke of York
92
5859 His character
93
Illness and retirement of Lord Liverpool
95
Difficulty in the choice of his successor and Mr Cannings appointment
97
66
98
Composition of the new Cabinet
99
Importance of these events on Englands future history
100
Manner in which the changes were received in Parliament
101
Character of Lord Eldon who now retired from public life
102
His character as a statesman
103
71
104
7276 Mr Peels speech against Catholic emancipation 105108
105
7778 Ministerial measure on the Corn Laws 108109
108
Division on the question and interim admission of foreign grain
110
Important and curious things occurring in the course of the debate
111
Finances of 182618271828
112
Other proceedings in Parliamentsilkweavers shipowners
114
Penryn and East Retford are convicted of bribery Commencement of the Reform question
115
Proud position of Mr Canning
116
His susceptible disposition and increasing illness ib 86 His last illness and death
117
Reflections on this event
118
Had he lived he would have disappointed their expectations
119
Review of his last acts
120
His character as a statesman and orator
121
Lord Goderich made premier and reconstruction of the Cabinet
122
Weakness of the new Cabinet and its cause ib 93 Impolitic reduction of the yeomanry
123
Dissolution of the Goderich Cabinet
124
The Duke of Wellington appointed premier and his Cabinet
125
Reconstruction of the Cabinet by Wellington
127
Notice of the battle of Navarino in the Kings speech
128
Finance Committee and Catholic question
129
Cornlaw Bill
130
Bill for the suppression of small notes
131
Repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts
133
104106 Argument for the repeal 134135
134
107108 Answer of Ministers 136138
136
Errors on both sides during the contest
137
The bill is carried in both Houses
138
freeholders
141
Proclamation of Government against the meetings
147
Ambiguous letter of the Duke of Wellington and explicit one of
153
Immense sensation which this speech excited in the country
159
Summary of the faults on both sides 419
160
Effects of these changes on the population and Catholics of Ireland
170
Page
172
Division on the question and violent resistance to the bill in the country
173
The second Clare election
179
Catholic emancipation a victory gained by the highly educated classes
185
Its beneficial effects on the English government
191
Reaction against Catholicism in Great Britain
198
The interests of the boroughs now at variance with those of the country
205
Effects of reform in inducing Free Trade
215
And in Ireland where the agitation for the repeal of the Union commenced
217
Narrow division and declared changes in Parliament
225
Financial measures and great reductions of Government
232
General consternation on the occasion
272
S Page 5 What made the Dukes declaration against Reform so important
278
The difficulty in forming the new Ministry fixes Mr Broughams claims
279
Character of Earl Grey
280
His character as an orator and in private
281
His defects and errors but noble use of power when acquired
282
He was misled by others as to the effect of the Reform Bill ib 11 Character of Lord Brougham
283
His merits as a Judge
284
His character as a statesman
285
His style of oratory
286
his European reputation
287
His versatile talents and character
288
His character as a diplomatist and orator ib 18 His errors
289
Lord John Russell
290
His intrepidity and selfconfidence 231
292
his administrative powers
293
His inconsistencies ib 24 Earl Greys announcement of his principles of government
294
Distracted state of England during the winter
295
Agitation and increased misery in Ireland
296
Agitation for the repeal of the Union and prosecution of Mr OConnell who is allowed to escape
298
The budget which is defeated
300
Description of taxes to be taken off and put on ib 30 Committee on the Reform Bill
302
Feeling and petitions of the country
303
Introduction of the Reform Bill by Lord John Russell
304
3341 Argument of the Ministers in favour of the bill 305310
305
Ministerial plan of reform
311
4344 Qualification of voters The 10 clause
313
Plan as to Scotland and Ireland
314
Astonishment in the House at the bill
315
4753 Argument against the bill 316322
316
Deplorable situation of commerce and credit
321
Clear division of Conservatives and Reformers which ensued in the country
323
Agitation in the country
324
Courageous petition from the merchants and bankers of London against the bill
325
Second reading of the bill carried by a majority of one
326
General Gascoignes motion is carried against Government by eight
328
Dangers on both sides in ulterior measures ib 60 Liberal settlement on the Royal Family
329
Efforts made to won the King by his vanity
330
Means by which the King was induced to dissolve Parliament
331
How the Kings resistance is overcome
332
Violent scene in the House of Commons
333
Scene in the House of Peers when the King dissolved Parliament
334
Excessive heat and drought of Great Britain in 1826
335
Dreadful riots in Scotland
336
General interference of the priests in the Irish elections
349
The Duke fails in forming an administration
374
The Duke of Wellingtons declaration against reform
403
Prospective abandonment of our colonial empire
409
Great fault of the Liberals in the way the Reform Bill was carried
418
The Reform Bill has strengthened Government by enlarging its basis
420
Where the risk now lies
421
Way in which the monied classes had got the command of the pro ducing
422
Enormous sums spent by working classes in Great Britain on drink
423
Is this the result of a general law of nature? ib 166 Great political truth evolved by the Reform Bill
424
Its exemplification in France and England ib 168 Great law of nature on the subject
425
Which is intended to limit population in the later stages of society
426
CHAPTER XXIV
427
The real evils of society are not so certainly removed by these convulsions
428
Prosperity of the bourgeois class ib 4 The interests of the bourgeoisie were adverse to those of labour
429
Effect of the spread of machinery steam and railways
430
Increased strength of the Government
431
Interview between M Thiers and the Duchess of Orléans ib 18 Irresolute conduct of the Duke of Orléans
440
Meetings of the Deputies and Peers
441
Meeting at the Chamber of Peers
442
Reunion of the Republicans at Lointiers
443
Scene at the Hôtel de Ville ib 23 Continued indecision at the Hôtel de Ville
444
Easy defeat of the Napoleonists
446
Panic of the Orléanists at Lafittes ib 26 Arrival of the Duke of Orléans at Paris and his interview with M de Mortemart
447
The Duke accepts the lieutenancygeneral of the kingdom
448
Guizots proclamation of the principles of the Government
449
Visit of the Duke of Orléans to the Hôtel de Ville
451
Conversation between the Duke of Orléans and the Republicans
454
3439 Noble speech of Chateaubriand 455459
455
Chateaubriand refuses the portfolio of foreign affairs
460
Acceptance of the crown by Louis Philippe
461
Speeches on the occasion of his accepting the constitution
462
Changes in the constitution of the Revolution
463
Peers who resigned and Ministers who were appointed
464
Grievous distress in Paris
465
Reception of the Revolution at Lyons Bordeaux and in the provinces
466
Recognition of Louis Philippe by the English Government
467
Manner in which he is received by the Continental sovereigns
468
His recognition by the cabinet of Vienna
470
opposite views of it
471
Explanation of its seeming contradictions
472
Vicissitudes of his life and impress they had affixed to his character
473
Extreme difficulties with which he had to contend
474
Dissensions in the Council and violence of the National Guard deputa tion
475
Suspicious death and testament of the Duke de Bourbon
476
Injurious reports spread abroad by the bequest of the Dukes property to the Duke dAumale
477
Attitude of M de Lafayette and its dangers
478
Disturbances in Paris ib 61 First legislative measures of the new Government
479
Discussion on the Electoral Law ib 63 First financial measures of the new Government
480
Proceedings against the popular societies ib 65 Speech of the Minister of the Interior on the subject
481
Attempt to revolutionise Spain from Paris
482
Which is secretly favoured by Louis Philippe and his Ministers ib 68 The enterprise is undertaken and fails
483
State of Belgium and its dispositions
485
Causes of discord among the inhabitants
486
Revolutionary party in Belgium and its great increase by the events in Paris in July
487
Commencement of the revolution ib 73 Progress of the insurrection
488
Negotiations of the insurgents with the King
489
Demands of the leaders of the revolution
490
Speech of the King on opening the Chambers
491
The army is directed by the King and Chambers on Brussels
492
Prince Frederick attacks Brussels
493
The Dutch troops are in the end defeated and retire to Antwerp ib 80 The insurrection extends generally and the separation of Belgium and Holland i...
495
State of political feeling in Germany
496
Disturbances in AixlaChapelle and Cologne
497
In Dresden Leipsic and Brunswick
498
And in Brunswick
499
Political contests in Switzerland ib 87 Convulsions in Italy
501
Change in the order of succession in Spain ib 89 Its motives and political objects
502
Promulgation of the decree
503
Resumé of the influence of the Revolution in France over Europe
504
CHAPTER XXV
506
Cabinet divisions and fall of the Ministry
507
Commencement of the trial of the late Ministers
508
Conduct of the accused before the trial
509
Disturbed state of Paris before this
510
Commencement of the trial
511
Dissolution of the Administration
512
Formation of M Lafittes ministry
514
Lafittes statement of the principles of his ministry
515
Progress of the trial of the exministers
516
Arguments of M Sauzet for the accused ib 12 Condemnation and punishment of the accused
518
Disaffection of the National Guard and the misery of the capital
519
Demands of Lafayette
521
Changes in the Cabinet
522
Favourable accounts from Algiers
523
Great additional expenditure for the army and its forces
524
Competition for the crown of Belgium and its final separation from Hol land
525
Crown of Belgium offered to Duke de Nemours
526
Protocol Jan 20 1831 fixing limits of Holland and Belgium
527
Views in London and Paris on Louis Philippes refusal ib 24 Weak and distracted state of Belgium
528
Perilous state of Italy
529
Insurrections in Bologna Modena Reggio and Parma
530
Intervention of Austria in Italy
532
Entry of the Austrians into Bologna and suppression of the insurrection ib 29 Affairs of Germany and precautionary measures there
533
Defensive measures in Austria
534
State of feeling in Prussia
535
Great fermentation in the lesser states of Germany
536
Troubles in Saxony and HesseCassel
538
General indignation of the democrats
544
Attacks on individuals and deplorable weakness of Government
550
Disturbances in Paris
558
Views of Talleyrand and Lord Palmerston
564
Forcible intervention of the French at Lisbon
576
Violent scene in the Chamber on the debate on Poland
584
Vehement excitement in Paris on the fall of Warsaw
585
Bloody law against the Bourbons
586
Speech of M Pagès against the law
587
Striking speech of M de Martignac which causes the rejection of the clause
588
Question of the abolition of the hereditary peerage
589
9195 Argument for the abolition 590593
590
96101 Answer of the defenders of the peerage 594598
594
The Lower House pass the bill by a great majority
598
Creation of peers to force it through the Upper House where it passes
599
Reflections on this event
600
Previous degradation of the hereditary peerage
601
Experience of Great Britain in regard to a hereditary peerage
602
Reason of the superiority in general of the aristocracy as statesmen
603
Increased vigour and capacity this gives to the higher branches of the aristocracy
604
Importance of the interests of the hereditary peers being identified with those of production
605
CHAPTER XXVI
606
Causes of this perpetual strife
607
Opposite sources of their strength and weakness
608
Disastrous effects of the conquest of the Byzantine Empire by the Turks and of the partition of Poland
609
Sin of Europe in the partition of Poland
610
Vast increase of the power of Russia from the partition of Poland
611
Faults of the Poles which led to their subjugation ib 8 It was the impatience of taxation which ruined Poland
612
Mysterious connection between Poland and the cause of democracy
614
Prosperity of Poland under the Russian rule from 1815 to 1830
615
This prosperity increased the passion for independence
616
Secret societies in Poland
617
Different plans of the conspirators
618
Original plan which proved abortive
619
Supineness of Constantine and progress of the conspiracy ib 16 Insurrection of 29th November at Warsaw
620
Rapid progress of the insurrection and retreat of Constantine from Warsaw
621
Appointment of a provisional government
622
First act of the new government and negotiation with Constantine
623
Constantine sends back the Polish troops and retreats into Russia
624
Enthusiasm on the arrival of the Polish troops in Warsaw
625
Chlopicki seizes the dictatorship
626
his biography and character
627
His views in regard to the revolution
628
Strange conduct of Constantine
629
Unsuccessful negotiations with Nicholas
630
Preparations and conference of Austria Prussia and Russia
631
Secret views of Austria and France at this juncture
632
Great Britain declines to join France in interfering in favour of Poland
633
Chlopicki resigns the dictatorship on the meeting of the Diet 20th December and is reappointed
634
His first acts after his appointment
635
Menacing proclamation and vast preparations of the Czar
636
3438 Manifesto of the Polish Diet 637640
637
Chlopickis vain efforts to bring about an accommodation
641
The Czar is dethroned by the Diet
642
Statistics of the strength of Russia at this period
643
Statistics of the kingdom of Poland
644
Statistics of Austrian and Prussian Poland
645
Statistics of Lithuania and Russian Poland
646
Military forces on the opposite sides
647
Strategetical advantages of the Poles ib 47 Advance of Diebitch towards Warsaw
648
Position and forces on the opposite sides
649
Battle of Grochow
650
Battle of Praga
651
Desperate and bloody nature of the conflict ib 52 Results of these battles
653
Splendid success of Dwernicki on the Polish right ib 54 Parallel of Grochow and Sieroczyn with Inkermann and Balaklava
655
Operations of Dwernicki on the left bank of the Vistula ib 56 Skrzynecki appointed generalissimo by the Diet
657
His biography and character ib 58 Ineffectual attempts at a negotiation and vigorous preparations of Skrzynecki
658
Skrzyneckis plan of operations
659
Forces at his disposal ib 61 Skrzyneckis brilliant success in the centre
661
Total defeat of the Russians ib 63 Great success of the Poles in the pursuit
662
Chances which now awaited Skrzynecki
663
Opinion of Prondzynski and others which is not adopted
664
Victory of the Poles at Iganie
665
Cholera breaks out in the Polish army which is arrested in its advance
666
Bad success of Sierawiki on the right ib 69 Defeat of Dwernicki in Volhynia who is obliged to take refuge in Gallicia
667
Insurrection in Podolia and the Ukraine and its final discomfiture
669
Operations in the centre ib 72 Expedition of Chrzanowski into Volhynia and its defeat
670
March of Skrzynecki against the Russian right
671
Diebitch marches against the Polish rear
672
Battle of Ostrolenka
673
Repulse of the Poles ib 77 Its results
674
Massacres in Warsaw
683
Unity of the East is its strength divisions of the West its weakness
691

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