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manner folved by the relief, and perhaps the pleasure, which they perceive from giving fuck. The young animal's seeking, in fo many inftances, the teat of its dam, is explained from the sense of fmell, which is attracted by the odour of the milk. The falmon's urging its way up the ftream of fresh water rivers, is attributed to fome gratification or refreshment, which, in this particular ftate of the fifh's body, the receives from the change of element. Now of this theory it may be faid,

First, that, of the cafes which require folution, there are few, to which it can be applied with tolerable probability;-that there are none, to which it can be applied without ftrong objections, furnished by the circumftances of the cafe. The attention of the cow to its calf, and of the ewe to its lamb, appear to be prior to their fucking. The attraction of the calf or lamb to the teat of the dam is not explained by fimply referring it to the fenfe of fmell. What made the scent of the milk fo agreeable to the lamb that it fhould follow it up with its nofe, or feek with its mouth the place from which it proceeded? No obfervation, no experience, no argument could teach the new dropped animal, that the fubftance, from which

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the scent iffued, was the material of its food. It had never tafted milk before its birth. None of the animals, which are not defigned for that nourishment, ever offer to fuck, or to feek out any fuch food. What is the conclufion, but that the fugefcent parts of animals are fitted for their use, and the knowledge of that use put into them?

We affert, fecondly, that, even as to the cafes in which the hypothefis has the fairest claim to consideration, it does not at all leffen the force of the argument for intention and defign. The doctrine of inftincts, is that of appetencies, fuperadded to the constitution of an animal, for the effectuating of a purpose beneficial to the fpecies. The above stated folution would derive thefe appetencies from organization; but then this organization is not lefs fpecifically, not lefs precisely, and, therefore, not lefs evidently adapted to the fame ends, than the appetencies themfelves would be upon the old hypothefis. In this way of confidering the subject, fenfation fupplies the place of forefight: but this is the effect of contrivance on the part of the Creator. Let it be allowed, for example, that the hen is induced to brood upon her eggs by the enjoyment or relief,

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relief, which, in the heated ffate of her abdomen, the experiences from the preffure of round smooth furfaces, or from the application of a temperate warmth.. How comes this extraordinary heat or itching, or call it what you will, which you fuppofe to be the cause of the bird's inclination, to be felt, juft at the time when the inclination itself is wanted; when it tallies fo exactly with the internal constitution of the egg, and with the help which that conftitution requires in order to bring it to maturity? In my opinion, this folution, if it be accepted as to the fact, ought to increase, rather than otherwise, our admiration of the contrivance. A gardener lighting up his ftoves, juft when he wants to force his fruit, and when his trees require the heat, gives not a more certain evidence of design. So again; when a male and female fparrow come together, they do not meet to confer upon the expediency of perpetuating their fpecies. As an abstract propofition, they care not the value of a barley corn whether the fpecies be perpetuated, or not. They follow their fenfations; and all thofe confequences enfue, which the wifeft counfels could have dictated, which the most folicitous care of futurity,

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turity, which the moft anxious concern for the fparrow world, could have produced. But how do thefe confequences enfue? The fenfations, and the conftitution upon which they depend, are as manifeftly dir cted to the pofe which we fee fulfilled by them; and the train of intermediate effects, as manifeftty laid and planned with a view to that purpose, that is to say, design is as completely evinced by the phænomena, as it would be, even if we fuppofe the operations to begin, or to be carried on, from what fome will allow to be alone properly called instincts, that is, from defires directed to a future end, and having no accomplishment or gratification diftinct from the attainment of that end.

In a word; I fhould fay to the patrons of this opinion, Be it fo: be it, that those actions of animals which we refer to inftinct, are not gone about with any view to their confequences, but that they are attended in the animal with a prefent gratification, and are pursued for the fake of that gratification alone; what does all this prove, but that the profpection, which must be fomewhere, is not in the animal, but in the Creator?

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In treating of the parental affection in brutes, our business lies rather with the origin of the principle, than with the effects and expreffions of it. Writers recount these with pleasure and admiration. The conduct of many kinds of animals towards their young, has escaped no obferver, no hiftorian, of nature. "How will they carefs them," fays Derham, " with their affectionate notes; lull and quiet them with their tender parental voice; put food into their mouths; cherish, and keep them warm ; teach them to pick, and eat, and gather food for themselves; and, in a word, perform the part of fo many nurses, deputed by the fovereign Lord and preferver of the world, to help fuch young and thiftlefs creatures ?" Neither ought it, under this head, to be forgotten, how much the instinct costs the animal which feels it; how much a bird, for example, gives up, by fitting upon her neft; how repugnant it is to her organization, her habits, and her pleasures. An animal, formed for liberty, fubmits to confinement, in the very feafon when every thing invites her abroad: what is more; an animal delighting in motion, made for motion, all whose motions are so easy and

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