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>me independent also: thus subortion is destroyed, and a country llowed up in the extent of its own doions. The Turkish empire would be -e formidable, were it less extensivee it not for those countries which it can her command nor give entirely away, ich it is obliged to protect, but from ich it has no power to exact obe

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Yet, obvious as these truths are, there e any Englishmen who are for transnew colonies into this late acquifor peopling the deserts of America the refuse of their countrymen, and shey express it) with the waste of an superant nation. But who are those happy creatures who are to be thus rained away? Not the sickly, for they re welcome guests abroad as well as tome; nor the idle, for they would te as well behind the Apalachian ats as in the streets of London. The refuse is composed of the laborious enterprising-of such men as can be cable to their country at home-of ne who ought to be regarded as the of the people, and cherished with ry degree of political indulgence. And are the commodities which this ay, when established, is to produce turn? Why, raw silk, hemp, and toEngland, therefore, must make an Gange of her best and bravest subjects www silk, hemp, and tobacco; her hardy rans and honest tradesmen must be cked for a box of snuff or a silk pettiStrange absurdity! Surely the poliof the Daures are not more strange, sell their religion, their wives, and Liberty, for a glass bead or a paltry knife.-Farewell.

LETTER XVIII.

To the same.

HE English love their wives with much ssion, the Hollanders with much prunce: the English, when they give their rds, frequently give their hearts; the tch give the hand, but keep the ant wisely in their own possession. The glish love with violence, and expect ulent love in return; the Dutch are

satisfied with the slightest acknowledgment, for they give little away. The English expend many of the matrimonial comforts in the first year; the Dutch frugally husband out their pleasures, and are always constant, because they are always indifferent.

There seems very little difference between a Dutch bridegroom and a Dutch husband. Both are equally possessed of the same cool unexpecting serenity; they can see neither Elysium nor Paradise behind the curtain; and Yiffrow is not more a goddess on the wedding-night than after twenty years matrimonial acquaintance. On the other hand, many of the English marry in order to have one happy month in their lives; they seem incapable of looking beyond that period; they unite in hopes of finding rapture, and, disappointed in that, disdain ever to accept of happiness. From hence we see open hatred ensue; or, what is worse, concealed disgust under the appearance of fulsome endearment. Much formality, great civility, and studied compliments are exhibited in public; cross looks, sulky silence, or open recrimination, fill up their hours of private entertainment.

Hence I am taught, whenever I see a new married couple more than ordinarily fond before faces, to consider them as attempting to impose upon the company or themselves; either hating each other heartily, or consuming that stock of love in the beginning of their course which should serve them through their whole journey. Neither side should expect those instances of kindness which are inconsistent with true freedom or happiness to bestow. Love, when founded in the heart, will show itself in a thousand unpremeditated sallies of fondness; but every cool deliberate exhibition of the passion only argues little understanding, or great insincerity.

Choang was the fondest husband, and Hansi the most endearing wife, in all the kingdom of Korea: they were a pattern of conjugal bliss; the inhabitants of the country around saw, and envied their felicity: wherever Choang came, Hansi was sure to follow and in all the pleasures of Hansi, Choang was ad

mitted a partner. They walked hand in hand wherever they appeared, showing every mark of mutual satisfaction, embracing, kissing-their mouths were for ever joined; and, to speak in the language of anatomy, it was with them one perpetual anastomosis.

Their love was so great, that it was thought nothing could interrupt their mutual peace, when an accident happened, which, in some measure, diminished the husband's assurance of his wife's fidelity; for love so refined as his was subject to a thousand little disquietudes.

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Happening to go one day alone among the tombs that lay at some distance from his house, he there perceived a lady dressed in the deepest mourning, (being clothed all over in white,) fanning the wet clay that was raised over one of the graves with a large fan which she held in her hand. Choang, who had early been taught wisdom in the school of Tao, was unable to assign a cause for her present employment; and coming up, civilly demanded the reason. "Alas," replied the lady, her eyes bathed in tears, "how is it possible to survive the loss of my husband, who lies buried in this grave! He was the best of men, the tenderest of husbands with his dying breath he bid me never marry again till the earth over his grave should be dry; and here you see me steadily resolving to obey his will, and endeavouring to dry it with my fan. I have employed two whole days in fulfilling his commands, and am determined not to marry till they are punctually obeyed, even though his grave should take up four days in drying.'

Choang, who was struck with the widow's beauty, could not, however, avoid smiling at her haste to be married; but, concealing the cause of his mirth, civilly invited her home, adding, that he had a wife who might be capable of giving her some consolation. As soon as he and his guest were returned, he imparted to Hansi in private what he had seen, and could not avoid expressing his uneasiness that such might be his own case if his dearest wife should one day happen to survive him.

It is impossible to describe Hansi's

resentment at so unkind a suspicion. her passion for him was not only but extremely delicate, she employed t anger, frowns, and exclamations, to i his suspicions: the widow herself inveighed against; and Hansi deck she was resolved never to sleep under same roof with a wretch, who, like could be guilty of such barefaced constancy. The night was cold stormy; however, the stranger was liged to seek another lodging, for Che was not disposed to resist, and H would have her way.

The widow had scarce been gone hour, when an old disciple of Choan whom he had not seen for many ye came to pay him a visit. He was recei with the utmost ceremony, placed in most honourable seat at supper, and wine began to circulate with great freed Choang and Hansi exhibited open ma of mutual tenderness and unfeigned conciliation: nothing could equal th apparent happiness; so fond a husba so obedient a wife, few could beb without regretting their own infelici when, lo! their happiness was at o disturbed by a most fatal accide Choang fell lifeless in an apoplectic upon the floor. Every method was us but in vain, for his recovery. Hansi w at first inconsolable for his death: aft some hours, however, she found spirits read his last will. The ensuing day, sl began to moralize and talk wisdom; t next day, she was able to comfort t young disciple; and on the third, shorten a long story, they both agreed

be married.

There was now no longer mourning the apartments: the body of Choang w now thrust into an old coffin, and placed one of the meanest rooms, there to lie u attended until the time prescribed by la for his interment. In the meantime, Han and the young disciple were arrayed in th most magnificent habits; the bride wor in her nose a jewel of immense price, an her lover was dressed in all the finery o his former master, together with a pair artificial whiskers that reached down t his toes. The hour of their nuptials wa arrived; the whole family sympathiser

ther approaching happiness; the rtments were brightened up with lights cifesed the most exquisite perfume, a lestre more bright than noon-day. Lady expected her youthful lover in rimer apartment with impatience; when servant, approaching with terror in his intenance, informed her, that his master se into a fit which would certainly , unless the heart of a man lately af cald be obtained, and applied to ast. She scarcely waited to hear eel of his story, when, tucking up her she ran with a mattock in her to the coffin where Choang lay, leng to apply the heart of her dead send as a cure for the living. She efore struck the lid with the utmost orce In a few blows the coffin flew when the body, which to all apce had been dead, began to move. Fed at the sight, Hansi dropped the Exck, and Choang walked out, astonhis own situation, his wife's unmagnificence, and her more amazing He went among the apartments, ale to conceive the cause of so much dour. He was not long in suspense e his domestics informed him of transaction since he first became ble. He could scarce believe they told him, and went in pursuit Esi herself, in order to receive more information, or to reproach her But she prevented his res: he found her weltering in i: for she had stabbed herself to the being unable to survive her shame sappointment.

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ang, being a philosopher, was too to make any loud lamentations: he t it best to bear his loss with y; so, mending up the old coffin he had lain himself, he placed his ss spouse in his room; and unthat so many nuptial preparations d be expended in vain, he the same married the widow with the large

ture, made a shift to find contentment. - Farewell.

LETTER XIX.

To the same.

THE gentleman dressed in black, who was my companion through Westminster Abbey, came yesterday to pay me a visit; and, after drinking tea, we both resolved to take a walk together, in order to enjoy the freshness of the country, which now begins to resume its verdure. Before we got out of the suburbs, however, we were stopped in one of the streets by a crowd of people, gathered in a circle round a man and his wife, who seemed too loud and too angry to be understood. The people were highly pleased with the dispute, which, upon inquiry, we found to be between Dr. Cacafogo, an apothecary, and his wife. The doctor, it seems, coming unexpectedly into his wife's apartment, found a gentleman there, in circumstances not in the least equivocal.

The doctor, who was a person of nice honour, resolving to revenge the flagrant insult, immediately flew to the chimneypiece, and, taking down a rusty blunderbuss, drew the trigger upon the defiler of his bed: the delinquent would certainly have been shot through the head, but that the piece had not been charged for many years. The gallant made a shift to escape through the window, but the lady still remained; and, as she well knew her husband's temper, undertook to manage the quarrel without a second. He was furious, and she load; their noise had gathered all the mob, who charitably assembled on the occasion, not to prevent, but to enjoy the quarrel.

"Alas! said I to my companion, I what will become of this unhappy creature thus caught in adultery? Believe me, I pity her from my heart; her husband, I suppose, will show her no mercy. Will they burn her, as in India, or behead As they both were apprised of the her, as in Persia? Will they load her es of each other beforehand, they with stripes, as in Turkey, or keep her in how to excuse them after marriage. perpetual imprisonment, as with us in ty lived together for many years in China? Prithee, what is the wife's punat tranquillity, and not expecting rap-ishment in England for such offences?"

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there, I would calmly take a dish off wife's cool tea, and talk of the a with reverence.

-“When a lady is thus caught tripping," replied my companion, they never punish her, but the husband."-"You surely jest," interrupted I; "I am a Of all nations, the Russians seem foreigner, and you would abuse my igno- me to behave most wisely in such rance!"-"I am really serious," cumstances. The wife promises her l turned he: "Dr. Cacafogo has caught band never to let him see her tr his wife in the act; but, as he had no gressions of this nature; and he witnesses, his small testimony goes for punctually promises, whenever she i nothing: the consequence, therefore, of detected, without the least anger, to l his discovery will be, that she will be her without mercy: so they both ki packed off to live among her relations, what each has to expect; the lady tr and the doctor must be obliged to allow gresses, is beaten, taken again into fav her a separate maintenance." Amaz- and all goes on as before. ing!" cried I; "is it not enough that she is permitted to live separate from the object she detests, but must he give her money to keep her in spirits too?". "That he must, said my guide, "and be called a cuckold by all his neighbours into the bargain. The men will laugh at him, the ladies will pity him; and all that his warmest friends can say in his favour will be that the poor good soul has never had any harm in him.'" -"I want patience," interrupted I. "What! are there no private chastisements for the wife-no schools of penitence to show her folly-no rods for such delinquents?" -“Pshaw, man," replied he, smiling, "if every delinquent among us were to be treated in your manner, one half of the kingdom would flog the other." I must confess, my dear Fum, that if I were an English husband, of all things I would take care not to be jealous, nor busily pry into those secrets my wife was pleased to keep from me. Should I detect her infidelity, what is the consequence? If I calmly pocket the abuse, I am laughed at by her and her gallant: if I talk my griefs aloud, like a tragedy hero, I am There is something excessively fair laughed at by the whole world. The open in this method of courtship: course, then, I would take would be, this both sides are prepared for all whenever I went out, to tell my wife matrimonial adventures that are to where I was going, lest I should unex-low. Marriage has been compared pectedly meet her abroad in company a game of skill for life: it is gener with some dear deceiver. Whenever I thus in both parties to declare they returned, I would use a peculiar rap at sharpers in the beginning. In Engla the door, and give four loud hems as II am told, both sides use every ars walked deliberately up the staircase. conceal their defects from each would never inquisitively peep under her before marriage, and the rest of th 1d, or look behind the curtains. And lives may be regarded as doing penan though I knew the captain was for their former dissimulation.-Farew

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When a Russian young lady, theref is to be married, her father, with a gel in his hand, asks the bridegro whether he chooses this virgin for bride? to which the other replies in affirmative. Upon this, the father, t ing the lady three times round, giving her three strokes with his cuc on the back, "My dear," cries "these are the last blows you are eve receive from your tender father: I res my authority, and my cudgel, to y husband; he knows better than me use of either." The bridegroom kno decorum too well to accept of the cud abruptly; he assures the father that lady will never want it, and that he wo not for the world make any use of but the father, who knows what the l may want better than he, insists upon acceptance; upon this there follows scene of Russian politeness, while refuses, and the other offers, the cudg The whole, however, ends with bridegroom's taking it; upon which lady drops a curtsey in token of obedien and the ceremony proceeds as usual.

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LETTER XX.

To the same.

TE Republic of Letters is a very common pression among the Europeans; and t when applied to the learned of urope is the most absurd that can be 12ned; since nothing is more unlike a pic than the society which goes by at name. From this expression one ld be apt to imagine that the learned ere united into a single body, joining yer interests, and concurring in the same es From this one might be apt to ompare them to our literary societies in h where each acknowledges a just ubernation, and all contribute to build he temple of science, without attempting, rom ignorance or envy, to obstruct each

ther.

But very different is the state of learnng here: every member of this fancied epic is desirous of governing, and * willing to obey; each looks upon is low as a rival, not an assistant in hesame pursuit. They calumniate, they nire, they despise, they ridicule each thr; if one man writes a book that lases, others shall write books to show he might have given still greater laure, or should not have pleased. If happens to hit upon something new, e are numbers ready to assure the that all this was no novelty to or the learned; that Cardanus, or Bs, or some other author too dull to erally read, had anticipated the very. Thus, instead of uniting like members of a commonwealth, they divided into almost as many factions there are men; and their jarring itation, instead of being styled a blic of letters, should be entitled an rchy of literature.

is true, there are some of superior ties, who reverence and esteem each | er; but their mutual admiration is not cient to shield off the contempt of crowd. The wise are but few, and praise with a feeble voice; the vulgar many, and roar in reproaches. The great seldom unite in societies; few meetings, no cabals; the dunces in full cry, till they have run down a

reputation, and then snarl and fight with each other about dividing the spoil. Here you may see the compilers and the book-answerers of every month, when they have cut up some respectable name, most frequently reproaching each other with stupidity and dulness; resembling the wolves of the Russian forest, who prey upon venison, or horse-flesh, when they can get it; but in cases of necessity, lying in wait to devour each other. While they have new books to cut up, they make a hearty meal; but if this resource should unhappily fail, then it is that critics eat up critics, and compilers rob from compilations.

Confucius observes, that it is the duty of the learned to unite society more closely, and to persuade men to become citizens of the world; but the authors I refer to are not only for disuniting society, but kingdoms also: if the English are at war with France, the dunces of France think it their duty to be at war with those of England. Thus Fréron, one of their first-rate scribblers, thinks proper to characterise all the English writers in the gross: "Their whole merit," says he, "consists in exaggeration, and often in extravagance: correct their pieces as you please, there still remains a leaven which corrupts the whole. They sometimes discover genius, but not the smallest share of taste: England is not a soil for the plants of genius to thrive in." This is open enough, with not the least adulation in the picture: but hear what a Frenchman of acknowledged abilities says upon the same subject: "I am at a loss to determine in what we excel the English, or where they excel us; when I compare the merits of both in any one species of literary composition, so many reputable and pleasing writers present themselves from either country, that my judgment rests in suspense: I am pleased with the disquisition, without finding the object of my inquiry." But lest you should think the French alone are faulty in this respect, hear how an English journalist delivers his sentiments of them: "We are amazed," says he, "to find so many works translated from the French, while we have such numbers neglected of

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