hoodmoulding being panelled, as at S. George's Chapel, Windsor.

The obtuse-pointed arch is also largely used, either with a square-headed hoodmoulding, as at Tattershall, or with an Ogee-shaped crocketed hoodmoulding, as at the Abbey Church, Bridlington.

The south porch of Gloucester and the southwest porch at Canterbury are very rich examples of Perpendicular doorways.

The doors of this style were always panelled; in fact as the style advanced they were very frequently panelled all over the surface, in imitation of the mullions and transoms of the windows.

Another peculiarity to be noticed in this style is the profusion of canopies and canopied niches, which were filled with statuary representing either kings queens or the saints and fathers of the Church. Buttresses, and wall spaces not occupied by panelling, are often covered with canopies.

and

The Roofs of this period were occasionally much flattened, though this feature began to appear in the previous styles. In open roofs the tie-beams were connected with the rafters by rows of vertical posts, the spaces between being trefoiled sometimes at the bottom as well as the top; these are found in Hereford, Buckingham, and Worcestershire. The insides of the sloping roofs were also often

divided into squares by panels. Some few exceptions have higher-pitched roofs on the hammerbeam principle, the projecting beams being often ornamented with the figures of angels with extended wings. The pitch of the roof varies much in the different localities. In Somersetshire churches

which have a clerestory, the roof is of the shape of the one in the cut given above of the roof of S. Mary's, Leicester. In those without a clerestory the roof is nearly equilateral in pitch, sometimes with tie-beams and posts, and sometimes with the beams bent over so as to form a series of semicircular hoops, sometimes open, and sometimes

boarded over, forming what is generally termed a waggon-headed ceiling. In the East Anglian churches we find high-pitched roofs on the hammer-beam principle of frequent occurrence. The open roof of Westminster Hall, the most elaborate example of this kind of roof, has no parallel among the Continental examples.

In vaulted roofs the mouldings of the columns were continued up to the ceiling and spread out as it were in ribs over the surface of the ceiling in the form of a fan, as at Tong Church, Shropshire, the spaces between the ribs being foliated. The ac

companying section of Bath Abbey shows the tracery of the vaulted aisles and nave, together

The intersections of the ribs in a vaulted ceiling were generally crowned by carved bosses, or by a suspended ornament peculiar to this style called a pendant. The way in which the pendant was supported is shown in the accompanying diagram.

FIG. 130. PENDANT.

Secular buildings of this period often had flat ceilings, which were divided into square or oblong panels, with bossings placed at the crossings of the panels. The examples of roofs and ceilings of this style are very numerous, many instances being met with throughout the country of roofs of this period having been added to buildings of earlier styles when repaired.

The Parapets of this style are often so high on the tops of the walls as to entirely hide the low-pitched roofs. They are generally covered with either solid or pierced panelling, but they are also sometimes battlemented.

The Buttresses are almost invariably surmounted by pinnacles (fig. 129), which are ornamented by crockets and finials, as at Henry VII.'s Chapel, King's College, Cambridge, and Bath Abbey.