listel or fillet, and in some instances the flutings are continued right into the apophyges of the shaft. The columns of this order always have a richly moulded base to stand upon, which is equal in height to about half or three quarters the diameter of the column, and is formed of a complicated series of mouldings larger in circumference than the shaft, consisting of projecting and receding rounds and hollows, best understood by a reference to the cuts, The Attic base is sometimes met with in Greek

work, but only of a very late period. The columns of this order were not mounted on pedestals by the Greeks, this being a practice frequently though not invariably used by the Romans in later times.

The Ionic capitals are formed of a pair of double scrolls called Volutes, which are placed on two sides of the square capital immediately under the abacus; those of the pilasters were of course different and never had volutes.

The entablature of this order is in height generally about a sixth part of the total height of the column including base and capital. The architrave

and frieze are generally plain and the cornice simple.

In this style a singular feature is sometimes introduced in the shape of colossal emblematical figures of females clad with loose drapery which are made to do duty as columns. These are called Caryatides (fig. 18); male figures, also, were occasionally used in the same way, and were called Atlantes or

(From the Temple of Erechtheus at Athens.)

Persians. Whatever may have been the origin or purpose of using these figures, it is certain that their use as columns to support an entablature cannot be justified by any principle of art which would not have been much better answered by real columns. Specimens of each are in existence attached to the Temples of Erechtheus and Athena Polias at Athens, and in a temple at Agrigentum.

For examples of Greek Ionic work may be named the amphiprostyle temple of Niké Apteros or the Wingless Victory, those of Ilissos, Athena Polias, Erechtheus, and Pandrosos, all at Athens, Dionysos (Bacchus), at Teos, and Athena Polias, at

About the year 600 B. c. a gigantic and magnificent temple was erected at Ephesus in honour of the Goddess Artemis, which from its size and beauty was ranked as one of the wonders of the world. It was built in the Ionic order by the architect Chersiphron and his son Metagenes, the material employed consisting chiefly of white marble, and thus proving that the Ionic order was used by the Greeks contemporaneously with the Doric,

and that the origin of the two orders was nearly if not quite coeval. The total length of this wonderful temple was 425 feet, and the breadth 220; the columns were 127 in number, each being 60 feet in height, and the blocks of marble composing the architrave 30 feet in length, and necessarily of a corresponding thickness. This remarkable building, though it escaped the destruction. which fell upon other Greek temples through the fury of Xerxes, was destroyed by fire on the night that Alexander the Great was born (B.c. 356). It was immediately afterwards rebuilt with increased magnificence, the expense being defrayed by contributions from the citizens of the independent states of the Greek Empire and the tributary princes of Asia Minor. Alexander, at a subsequent period, offered to reimburse the Ephesians for the expenses incurred, and to complete the temple at his own cost, on condition that his name should be inscribed on it as the builder, but his offer was declined. Although this magnificent structure was considerably despoiled by Nero (A.D. 50), it was not thoroughly destroyed till it was burned by the Goths in the reign of Gallienus (A.D. 260), and now scarcely a vestige remains, with the exception of a few columns.

The Dilettanti Society have just presented to the

British Museum an Ionic capital, with some pieces of cornice and some fragments of frieze, from the Temple of Athena Polias at Priene, supposed to have been built by Alexander shortly after his invasion of Asia Minor. There are also remains of an Ionic temple in Lycia, and one dedicated to Hêrê at Samos, which was begun in Doric, but afterwards pulled down and completed in Ionic.

The Corinthian order, introduced about the time of Alexander the Great, or about 350 years B.C., is the third order of Greek architecture, and exceeds the other two in lightness and elegance of form, and gracefulness of proportion. The mouldings and cornices were much richer than in either the Doric or Ionic. The chief distinction, however, between this and the other orders is the capital, which is formed like an inverted bell surrounded by leaves of the Acanthus plant, curling over with two large and two small volutes on each face, making sixteen in all; the eight larger ones supporting the abacus, which has the corners cut off and is hollowed out at the sides, and in the centre of each side is a rose or similar flower resting on the eight smaller volutes. The shaft is fluted with twenty-four flutings separated by a fillet. The height of the column is equal to about ten times its diameter at the foot, and they were invariably