135. The better to augment the report of the magnitude of his forces, and keep up the prestige of their invincibility, as well as to provide them with the means of subsistence, the Russian general, after this splendid success, made a great dispersion of his forces. Like Napoleon, after the battle of Jena, and with similar success, he spread them out from the centre at Adrianople like a fan, in every direction. While the advanced guards of the centre, composed of Roth's corps, were pushed on the highroad to Constantinople as far as Loule-Bourgas, only eighty miles from the capital, the left wing, under Pahlen, advanced and took Midiah, within six

and opened the direct communication | city, which they laid at Diebitch's feet; with Krasowsky before Schumla. The the people rushed in crowds to meet extreme left of the Russian army soon their deliverers; the Russian general after made several important acquisi-passed the gates of the town in triumph, tions on the shores of the Black Sea. By and took up his residence in the palace, these means the communication with recently prepared for Sultan Mahmoud; the fleet, and all the supplies which it and the entry of the Muscovites into bore, was rendered secure. The Turk- the ancient capital of their hereditary ish army of reserve, twenty thousand enemies, "resembled," says Diebitch, strong, deceived by the exaggerated "rather a popular fête, than the milireports which had been spread of Die-tary conquest of a hostile capital.” bitch's force, did not advance beyond the ridge of low hills, twenty-five miles in front of Constantinople, which had so often in ancient times served as a barrier against the northern barbarians. Encouraged by these circumstances, the Russian general determined on advancing to Adrianople. After giving his troops a day's rest accordingly at Jamboli, he advanced by forced marches down the course of the river Tondjia, towards that city. Neither the ardent rays of the sun, which shone forth with uncommon brilliancy, nor the length of the marches, generally twenty miles a-day, nor the rugged nature of the roads, which were far worse than those over the Balkan, could retard the pro-ty-five miles from the entrance of the gress of the troops. On they pressed Bosphorus, where it entered into comwith ceaseless vigour, animated to the munication with Admiral Greig's squadhighest degree by the prospect of their ron; and the right, consisting of a approaching conquest. When the guns strong detachment under General Siewstuck fast, or the horses were unable to ers, moved forward by Trajanopolis on drag them up the ascents, the soldiers Enos, in the Mediterranean, which it harnessed themselves in, and got them reached on the same day, and met the through, in which they were joyfully fleet of Admiral Heiden, which was at assisted by the peasants of the country, anchor, expecting them in the bay. who beheld with transport, after an At Adrianople, in the centre, there reabsence of four hundred years, the mained only Rudiger's corps in reserve, standards of the Cross waving in their not numbering 5000 bayonets. At the valleys. A word from Diebitch would same time Krasowsky, by repeated athave excited a general insurrection tacks, so imposed upon the garrison of against the Ottomans; but, guided by Schumla, that, so far from thinking the humane orders of the Emperor, he of disquieting these movements, they restrained it, and approached the an- deemed themselves fortunate to be able cient capital of the empire, attended to preserve their own redoubts. only by a joyful and friendly crowd. the Russian army extended its mighty Twelve thousand Turkish regulars made arms from the Euxine to the Meditera show of resistance, but it was but a ranean, across the entire breadth of show; a capitulation was entered into, Turkey, a distance of one hundred and by which the soldiers gave up their forty miles, and was supported by a arms and artillery, consisting of fifty-powerful fleet at the extremity of either six guns, and the armed inhabitants returned to their homes. Next day the magistrates brought the keys of the

Thus

flank; while at the same time its reserve blockaded eighteen thousand men in Schumla, and its advanced-guard me

naced Constantinople. But its strength | Russian proved obdurate, to attack the was not equal to so great an expansion fleet of Admiral Heiden in the Greek of its force, and in reality it was on the waters, and conduct it as a pledge to verge of the most terrible catastrophe. Malta. The efforts of these able diIn the middle of September the force plomatists, joined to the exaggerated under Diebitch at Adrianople did not reports of Diebitch's force, who was reexceed fifteen thousand men; and a presented as being at the gates of the British officer, who saw them all mus-capital at the head of sixty thousand tered for a grand review on 8th No-men, at length overcame the firmness vember, has recorded, in his interest- of Sultan Mahmoud, and, with tears in ing work on the campaign, "that there were scarcely thirteen thousand men of all arms in the field."*

his eyes, he agreed to the TREATY OF ADRIANOPLE, one of the most glorious in the Russian, one of the most disastrous in the Turkish, annals.

k

136. Immense was the impression produced by these decisive events, both 137. By this celebrated treaty the at Constantinople and over Europe. Emperor of Russia restored to the The terror in the Turkish capital was Sublime Porte the two principalities extreme; for the Christians apprehend- of Wallachia and Moldavia, and all the ed an immediate massacre from the in-places in Bulgaria and Roumelia confuriated Mussulmans, and the latter quered by his arms, with the exception were not less apprehensive of extermi- of the islands at the mouth of the Dannation from the avenging swords of the ube, which were reserved to Russia. victorious Muscovites. The Sultan was All conquests in Asia Minor were in besieged at one time by deputations like manner restored to Turkey, with from the violent Ottomans, urging the the exception of the fortresses of Anapa, immediate arming of all the followers Poti, Akhalzikh, Atskhur, and of the Prophet, and the most severe halkalaki, which, with a considerable measures against the Christians; at an- territory round them, were ceded to other, with the most urgent entreaties Russia, and, in a military point of from the latter, supported by the ear-view, constituted most important acnest representations of the ambassadors quisitions. All the privileges and imof the Western powers, to yield to ne-munities secured by the former treaties cessity, and avert the threatening dangers by an immediate concession of the demands of Russia. The English ambassador, Sir Robert Gordon, and the Austrian, were in an especial manner active in their efforts to bring about an accommodation by moderating the demands of Russia on the one hand, and overcoming the obstinacy of the Sultan on the other. It is no wonder they were so; for the statesmen at the head of both countries, the Duke of Wellington and Prince Metternich, were equally impressed with the necessity of preventing the destruction of the balance of power which would result from the conquest of Turkey. A secret convention had been entered into between them to avert such a catastrophe by force of arms; and the English admiral in the Mediterranean had orders, if the

* At this moment there lay in the hospitals at Adrianople no less than 4691 sick men.—— MOLTK, ii. 215.

(those of Ackerman, Bucharest, and Kainardji), as well as the conventions relative to Servia, were ratified in their fullest extent by articles 5 and 6. An entire and unqualified amnesty was provided for all political offenders in every part of the Turkish dominions. The passage of the Dardanelles was declared open to all Russian merchant vessels, as well as those of all vessels at peace with the Sublime Porte, with all guarantees requisite to secure to Russia the undisturbed navigation of the Black Sea. The indemnity to be awarded to Russian subjects complaining of arbitrary acts on the part of the Turkish Government was fixed at 1,500,000 Dutch ducats, or £750,000, payable in eighteen months; and that to the Russian Government, for the expenses of the war, at 10,000,000 ducats, cuation of the Turkish territories was or about £5,000,000 sterling. The evato take place progressively as the in

chief. He instantly ordered Generals Geismar and Kisselef to hasten with all the troops they could collect from Wallachia, and menace the Turkish leader's communications. Geismar, with twelve thousand men, made his way across the Danube, and, getting through the pass of Vrayza, in the Balkan, he succeeded in getting into the rear of the pacha near Sophia. The latter, however, continued to advance, declaring that he would be in Adrianople in eight days; and he had already got to Hermanli,

demnity was discharged, and not to be completed till it was entirely paid up. 138. Another convention, signed the same day, of still greater eventual importance, determined the respective rights of the parties to Wallachia and Moldavia. It provided that the hospodars of these provinces should be elected for life, and not, as heretofore, for seven years; that the pachas and officers of the Porte in the adjoining provinces were not to be at liberty to intermingle in any respect in their concerns; that the middle of the Dan-half-way from Philippoli to that city, ube was to be the boundary between them to the junction of that river with the Pruth; and, "the better to secure the future inviolability of Moldavia and Wallachia, the Sublime Porte engaged not to maintain any fortified post or any Mussulman establishment on the north of the Danube; that the towns situated on the left bank, including Giurgevo, should be restored to Wallachia, and their fortifications never restored; and all Mussulmans holding possessions on the left bank were to be bound to sell them to the natives in the space of eighteen months. The government of the hospodars was to be entirely independent of Turkey; and they were to be liberated from the quota of provisions they had hitherto been bound to furnish to Constantinople and the fortresses on the Danube. They were to be occupied by the Russian troops till the indemnity was fully paid up, for which ten years were allowed; and to be relieved of all tribute to the Porte during their occupation, and for two years after it had ceased.

when he was met by the messengers of the Sultan with the ratification of the treaty. This stopped his singular hostile movement, and he withdrew to the position he occupied before it commenced. But it revealed the dangerous position of the Russians, and the depth of the abyss from which they had been rescued by the fortunate audacity of Diebitch, and the want of co-operation in the Turkish commanders; for if the Pacha had advanced a month sooner, nothing could have saved the Russians from a disaster similar to the

Moscow retreat. The truth was, he belonged to the old party of the janizaries; and his object was to hang back till the necessities of the Sultan enabled him to make terms for the restoration of that body with his sovereign, and he lost his opportunity by delaying too long.

140. The contest of Greece became a matter of such secondary importance, after its independence was secured by the convention of 6th July 1827, and the battle of Navarino, and when the Russians and Turks were dealing such weighty blows to each other on the banks of the Danube, that a few words will suffice to give a summary of its

139. Before this treaty was signed by the Emperor of Russia, the negotiations were on the point of being broken off by a rude third party, who threat-progress during the years 1828 and ened to intervene between the contracting parties. This was no other than the Pacha of Scodra, who, in the end of September, appeared at Philippoli with twenty-five thousand men, and declared his intention of breaking off the proposed peace. It may readily be conceived what alarm this extraordinary and unexpected apparition occasioned to the Russian commander-in

1829. Threatened with a formidable invasion from the north, and with their navy ruined, and Egypt cut off from sending its formidable succours, the Ottomans were in no condition to resume offensive operations. But as Ibrahim Pacha had received positive orders from the Sultan to hold out to the last extremity, and he refused to quit his hold of Navarino, and the

other fortresses in his possession in a surprising effect in stilling the interthe Morea, an expedition was sent nal discord which had so long paralysed from France, with the concurrence of its strength; for it was known that he the British Government, to compel was supported by the influence of Rushim to evacuate them. It consisted sia, and it seemed hopeless to struggle of fifteen thousand men, under the against such a power. Chief after chief command of Marshal Maison, and sent in their adhesion to the new govlanded in the Morea on the 25th ernment; and so much was the miliAugust 1828. They were received tary strength of the infant kingdom with transports by the Greeks, who increased by this unanimity, that the had been informed by the President, government was enabled to undertake Capo d'Istria, that they came to com- and carry through with success several plete their deliverance. Ibrahim was enterprises which materially enlarged in no condition to resist so formidable its bounds. Ten thousand Turks were a mediator; and, accordingly, a con- still in Attica, which forbade any atvention was concluded on the 7th Sep-tempt to regain that province, but in tember, in virtue of which the whole western Greece the progress of the Egyptian troops were embarked, and Christians was uninterrupted. Deemconveyed to Alexandria, in English ing them supported by the French and French vessels. The Turkish gar-army, the Ottomans considered it rison in Navarino and Modon made hopeless to attempt any resistance. some show of resistance, but it was Salona, with its garrison of eight hunsoon overcome, and the places surren- dred men, capitulated; Lepanto and dered to the English sea forces and the Anatolicon followed the example; and French troops; while the castle of the at length the standards of the Cross Morea, which stood a siege, was speed-again waved on the blood-stained ramily reduced by the scientific skill of the parts of Missolonghi. An invasion of French engineers. Before the end of five thousand Albanians was repulsed, autumn, the whole of the Morea was and the invaders compelled to capitucleared of the Ottomans; but it was late to the Greeks at Pietra, and all the not deemed expedient to push the con- Turkish garrisons in that quarter were quest of the Allies farther at that time, withdrawn. The families which had as it was not then determined whether withdrawn from the Morea to the shelmore than the Morea should form part ter of the islands returned after the of the infant state. withdrawal of the Egyptians, in such 141. Relieved, however, of the en-numbers that the sounds of industry ormous load which had so long op- and the voice of gladness were again pressed them, and against which they heard in the land. Finally, the revhad so heroically struggled, the Greeks enue of the state was so much increased soon showed that they were in a con- with its altered fortunes, that Capo dition to recover their independence d'Istria was able to announce to the without external aid. When the dis- legislature, assembled at Argos on the ciplined battalions of Egypt were with- 13th July, that the ways and means drawn, they had no difficulty in making were equal to the expenditure, each head against their Ottoman enemies. amounting to 25,000,000 Turkish piCandia was, after a severe struggle, astres, or £700,000. In the receipts, almost entirely recovered by the Chris- however, were included a loan of tians, and the Turks shut up in Canea 8,000,000 piastres from_France, and and a few other strongholds. An ex- one of 4,000,000 from Russia, being pedition under Colonel Fabvier against just half of the entire revenue. Chios failed; but a nest of pirates in 142. The limits of Greece were fixed Carabuso, the refuge of that species of by a protocol, signed by the plenimalefactors ever since the days of Pom-potentiaries of Russia, England, and pey, was rooted out by the British fleet. The appointment of Count Capo d'Istria to the presidency of the state had

France, at London, on March 22, 1829, to which Russia and Turkey gave their adhesion by article 10 of the treaty of

taken into account, in considering the merits or demerits of the statesmen who were parties to its arrangement. But considered with reference to the interests of religion, humanity, or Euro

Adrianople. By this treaty Greece | 6th July; and this must always be was to include the whole mainland of Turkey to the south of a line from Arta in the Adriatic to Volo in the Archipelago. It was to embrace also the whole islands of the Ægean Sea known under the name of the Cy-pean independence, there never was a clades, with Euboea or Negropont, but greater mistake committed than in makneither Candia nor Cyprus. The ing the limits of Greece so contracted. islands embraced in these limits con- Nature had pointed out what they tained three hundred and thirty-nine should have been; they should have thousand souls, of which only two embraced the whole countries where the thousand were even then to be found Greek race was still predominant. A in the unhappy Chios, instead of its line drawn from Cattaro on the Adriformer population of eighty-five thou-atic to Salonica on the Egean would sand; and the whole inhabitants of have included this region; leaving the state were about six hundred thou-out Servia, Bulgaria, Bosnia, and the sand. Greece was to remain tributary Trans- Danubian provinces, where, to Turkey, and to pay an annual sum though hostility to the Mussulmans is of 1,500,000 piastres (£100,000), but as strong, different races of northern it was to be governed entirely by its conquerors have settled, and greatly own inhabitants and laws; and the in- preponderate over the original inhabi fant nation was placed under the guar- tants. Above all, the whole islands. antee of Russia, France, and England. of the Archipelago, including Candia, The state was to be monarchical, but Cyprus, Samos, Mitylene, Lemnos, Teno sovereign was to be placed on the nedos, and Ipsara, should have been throne belonging to the reigning fami- included in the limits of the new lies of any of the powers which signed state. In a kingdom so constituted, the the treaty of July 6, 1827; a complete maritime and commercial interests amnesty was to be proclaimed by the would have been predominant; and in Porte in favour of all persons, without such a community it need not be said. exception, who had been concerned in with whom the real alliance of people the Greek revolution; and a year was to as well as government would have be accorded reciprocally to the Greeks been formed. Private interest, idento sell their property in Turkey, and the tity of feelings and pursuits, would Turks to dispose of their property in have made both lean on England. Greece. The limits thus assigned were Constituted as the Greek state actusubsequently contracted, and the line ally was by the convention of 22d drawn on the continent, not from Volo March, it of necessity looked to Rusto Arta, but from Arta to Cape Ar- sia. Too weak for independence, too myro, in the Gulf of Volo, in conside- | large for neglect, it presented a temptration of which the tribute was remit- ing prize to Muscovite ambition, to ted, and the sovereignty of the Porte the government of which, from idenentirely excluded. These limits in- tity of religion, the people on the cluded Missolonghi and Thessaly, but mainland at least were naturally inthey excluded Ipsara, Chios, and Sa- clined. It was a great thing, doubtmos, and left the beautiful islands of less, for the interest of humanity, to Crete and Cyprus to languish still un- have rescued even a portion of the der the tyrannical government of the Christians in Turkey from the Ottoman gripe, and the heroic efforts of the Greeks to secure their independence well deserved such a reward; but in a political point of view, and with reference to the interests of Europe, it has been detrimental rather than

Ottomans.

143. There were extraordinary difficulties in the way of an amicable settlement of the Greek question, in consequence of the jealousies of the powers which had signed the treaty of

VOL. III.

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