Land Tenure and Social Transformation in the Middle East

Abū administration agrarian agricultural Aḥmad al-Başra al-Dīn al-Fatāwā al-Hādī al-Mansur al-Shām Aleppo Amir Arab awlād awlad al-nās Barquq Basra Beirut Biqā Cairo Caliph century cotton countryside crops cultivation dafatir Damascus dated Defter documents Dulgadır East economic Egypt Egyptian emir Fatāwā feddans Furaykh governor Halm halqa ḥānūt hijrah holders Ibid ibra ilku iltizām Imām inheritance iqta Iraq irrigation Islamic Janissaries Jumādā Khair labour land tenure landholding large landowners lazma Mamluk mentioned military Muḥammad Mujerred mulk multazims Muslim na'ib Nahr Nāṣir Nisba Nuzi officials Ottoman owners ownership Palace Palestine peasants period plots political province referred region revenue rural sarkāls Shawwal shaykhs social sources status Sultan Syria Tapu Defter tax farm taxation tenants term territory Thaqif tion town tribal tribes Turkoman Umayyad urban village waqf waqf land Yemen zakāt