No. Name or kind and colour of Deposit. Original constituents. 20 Black Shale Mud, cosia numerous coal Sinking area trees continuing Carbonate of iron formed Mines sunk for ironstone measure trees, lepidos- to live, very bituminous trobi, fishes, and anthra into nodules about animal and vegetable remains nodules, from which 9 0 ... 94 21 Shale not so black Similar fossils, but not as Many of trees of coals below Ironstone nodules, but as No. 21 22 Blue Bind numerous have died off not so numerous Not used Mud, with floated fronds A quiet place, gradually filling Carbonate of iron and Bind used for brickof ferns, perfect lepi- up dostrobi and stigmaria lime have first petri- making; nodules usefied the tissue of less that below, but Has been blue bind, but rootpierced by stigmaria lets have broken stratifica tion and have taken some fusible salts out of it Plants, many of which are In the parting between coals Two lines of cleavage No fish remains (Coal... 0 4 water plants are fine thread-like plant marks different presremains sure of elevation in the coal, a Bind... 09 good house Coal... 1 1 coal, very soft 25 Bituminous Shale Fine mud, many lepidos- Sinking land, very quiet, away Nodules of poor clay. Makes bricks; decreases trobi and anthracosia from great water-way Ironstone containing in weight when burnt 14 3 entire and uncrushed Yellow Contains casts of stems A quick running stream. Trees Concretionary about 16 in. diameter 26 Softish Sandstone action. Berea Casts of trees hardened. 6 0 Fine mud, many calamites, Stream receded; quiet depo-Vegetable matter of Makes good bricks and 20 0 fronds of ferns ...Like above, but intersected Sufficiently near surface for by roots 41 Beeston Bed Coal Plants, animals, and trees. with mud in lower part 42 Black Shale ... Mud, 43 Blue Bind with anthracosia Area sinking faster than growth still growing calamites, have hard- coarse pottery and fish remains. Trees of trees. Much mud Fine mud, ferns. cala- A quiet place. Gentle deposi- Calamites form nodular Does not shrink much 17 0 tion becomes coarser concretions about in burning 45 Dark Shale ...Much plant matter 09 Stream has again left here... Much chemical action Contains many salts, 9 3 48 Soft Black Shale Coal plants still living 49 Black Hard Shale Fish remains & anthracosia A lake Sufficiently shallow for growth of plants Mud mixing with plants 55 Blue Bind 56 Hard Stone ... Has been black shale Not the drift clay, which has been removed. Colour is yellow from percolation of water. Chemical action ... ON THE UNDERGROUND WATERS OF LINCOLNSHIRE. BY C. E. DE RANCE, ASSOC. INST. C.E., F.G.S., F.R.G.S., F.R. MET. SOC., Secretary of the Underground Water Committee of the British Association. The County of Lincoln occupies an area of no less than 1,775,000 acres, or rather more than a million and three-quarters, and, with the exception of Yorkshire, is the largest county in England. It is drained entirely by streams flowing into the German Ocean, of which the Welland, the Witham, and the Ancholm are the most important; to the north-west a small tract drains into the Trent; and to the north-east small streams flow off the Wolds direct into the sea, or the north of the Humber. The surface geological structure is largely modified by thick deposits of Glacial Boulder Clay, while below the strata range from the Keuper Marls, under the Trent on the west, to the Upper Cretaceous on the eastern margin, where they disappear below the overlying glacial drift, about 600,000 acres consist of porous rocks, but these are in part covered by impermeable Boulder Clay. The Witham drains no less than 176,000 acres of fen-land, the Welland 77,000 acres. More than 80 per cent. of the land is cultivated; 35 per cent. of the whole area, or nearly half the cultivated area, grows corn crops, half the latter being wheat. Green crops occupy 12 per cent. of the total area, and fallow and grasses and clover under rotation nearly 9 per cent. Permanent pasture is nearly 26 per cent., and towns, woods, gardens, and waste 19 per cent. All water, whether visible in streams and rivers, or concealed beneath the earth's surface, being derived from rainfall. In Appendix I. I have tabulated the rainfall at four local stations from the returns furnished to Mr. Symons, F.R.S., and published by him in his annual volumes of "British Rainfall." In 26 years, at Lincoln, the rainfall has been 20 inches or less, no less than 9 times, and on 2 of these |