burnt animal bone. One portion of the broken leg bone of an ox has had a round hole about half an inch in diameter bored through it, probably to fit it for some tool. There was also a portion of another iron knife, seemingly Anglo-Saxon, nine rusty nails and other bits of iron; fifty-nine pieces of pottery of the same kinds (except British) as previously found, and twelve chips of flint. Seven cremated interments were taken from a small area on the north side of the central excavation. They were all laid on the same plane, fourteen feet from the level of the flat top of the barrow. Their horizontal position, all under the arched bed of Kimmeridge clay, are numbered on the plan (plate viii.) A portion of a bone pin (pl. x., fig. 6) was found with No. 4, and one of the workmen picked up an instrument of flint (pl. ix., fig. 3) chipped to a very sharp point. It was found about three feet north of the deposit No. 3, and on the same level. It was found that there was an inner mound, the centre of which did not, as shown in the plan (pl. viii..) quite correspond with the centre of the completed mound. This may have happened from the chalk material that formed the upper portion of the mound having been quarried from the rising ground to the south, and consequently piled more on this side than on the north and distant side of the mound. A section (pl. vii.) which was obtained from measurements of the southern and eastern radius shows this inner mound to have a diameter of 75 feet, and to measure 11 feet in height, the upper ten to fourteen inches being almost pure Kimmeridge Clay containing no remains, under which was 4 feet of small chalk grit, in which most of the cremated interments were found ; and below the chalk grit was a core of clayey soil of a hazel colour, mixed with a little chalk grit 5 feet high in the centre, obtained from the adjoining ground. This core was afterwards found to rest on the old turf line, and to contain or cover all the inhumed primary interments, also a few of the cremated ones. A large heap of chalk lying on the south side of the centre grave, from which it had been cast, still remained on the old surface line. Fifteen additional deposits of burnt bones were found in the same central area in which the seven previously named deposits were taken, but at a lower level of from two to six feet, reaching downwards from the lower portion

of the chalk layer to near the base of the core of clayey soil. Except a few burnt portions of a bone pin with No. 20, and a piece of the lip of a food-vase with No. 12, no relic accompanied any of the deposits. Near the deposit No. 19 and about two feet from the base of the mound, was found the greater half of the under-jaw of a young person having the back molar just rising from its socket. Two more cremated deposits (Nos. 21 and 22) were found. Just to the east of No. 21 were the much decayed unburnt remains (marked a) of a very young child, and ten inches lower was the inhumed body (marked B) of a youth from six to ten years of age, on the right side, knees up and head to the east. A femur and tibia measured 13 and 10 inches respectively. This body was 19 feet from the apex of the mound, and one foot from its base. No relic accompanied this body, but about two feet to the south and two feet higher in the mound was a stag's-horn pick (pl. x., fig. 4) with the point broken off ; and about one foot above this and a little further south was another pick (pl x., fig. 5) also of stag's-horn, with the point much worn. Only one deposit of burnt bones (No. 23 on the plan) was found, at a depth of 17 feet from the apex of the mound; but in a shallow grave, only nine to ten inches below the ancient turf line, and at the depth of 224 feet from the flat top of the mound, vertically under the body marked "B," lay a body marked "c" on its left side, head to N.N.E., both hands near the face, and the knees brought up to a right angle with the trunk. A femur measured 16 inches, a tibia 13 inches, and the right and left humerus 13 inches respectively. These are of medium strength. The skull is dolicocephalic, the bones of great thickness, and belonged to a person about 50 years of age with fine features. A fine bone pin (pl. x., fig. 3) 9 inches long, lay about three inches behind the back of the body, with the point to the hips. A little way behind the shoulders lay several flint flakes, also worked flints, as well as several tusks of the boar. A similar deposit lay a few inches behind the hips. In all there were thirteen flakes and six worked flints (pl. ix., figs. 2-6) all of dark-coloured foreign flint. There were also two incisor teeth of the beaver (pl. ix. fig. 10); and the number of boars' tusks was twelve, pl. ix., fig. 8, being one; and pl. ix., fig. 9, is another which has been cut into

HOWE HILL," DUGGLEBY. 221 an instrument of uncertain use. A little above the body we found the neck vertebræ of an ox and other pieces of animal bone. On the western edge of this shallow grave (marked "A" on the plan) were the inhumed remains of an adult, about 70 years of age (marked "D"), of large stature, with head to west and over the eastern edge of the centre grave (marked "B"), into which it had settled some 10 inches. It lay on its right side in the position shown on the plan. Femur and tibia measured 20 inches and 17 inches respectively. In front of the face of the body lay a beautiful knife (pl. x., fig. 2) of almost transparent glass-coloured flint. It is of a rare type* and very thin, having been ground down on both sides to not more than of an inch in thickness. The length of this beautiful specimen is 2 inch., and breadth 1% of an inch. Its smoothly rounded ends are so formed that it might be used equally well either as a knife or a spoon. A deposit of burnt bones was found in the position numbered 24 on the plan, and about the same depth in the mound as Nos. 1 to 7. Nothing with it. Over the centre grave (marked "B" on the plan) and about 3 feet above the base of the barrow lay the much decayed body of a child, marked "E;" and about two feet under it was the body of a youth 8 to 12 years of age, marked "F," on the left side, head to S. W., knees pulled up, and hands in front of face. Femur and tibia measured 14 inches and 11 inches respectively. No relics. About two feet lower than the last body and about one foot into the grave "B," was an adult male, marked "G," who probably reached the age of 60, laid on its right side in a flexed position, and head to N.E. Femur and tibia measured 18 and 14 inches respectively. This body was distorted by the unequal settling of the grave below. In front of its chest lay a hammer head made of the root end of a shed antler of the red deer, and near it was a diamond-shaped arrow-head (pl. xi., fig. 2) of dark-coloured flint, which unfortunately had lost its point. There was also a most beautiful axe (pl. x., figs. 1-1a) made of drab-coloured flint, resembling such as might have been obtained with careful selection from the neighbouring beds of chalk, 9 inches long, lying with its

*The writer only knows of one similar knife, which was found by him in a barrow on the "Aldro Farm."

H

broad cutting edge towards the knees of the body. The hammerhead was laid on its edge, showing that it had at the time of interment been held in that position by a shaft, most probably of wood, which had finally gone to decay. The bottom of the central grave "B" was next reached, and other parts of the excavation lowered. In proceeding downwards, at a depth of three feet, the flexed body of a child marked "H" was found. It appeared to have been about two to three years old, on its right side, and the head to the east. No relic. This body lay at the bottom of a boat-shaped mass of clayey matter, in the centre of the grave; all round the outsides at this horizon being gritty chalk. About two feet below the last body was an adult, marked "1," probably a male of about 60 years of age, in the same flexed position, but considerably contorted by the unequal settling in the grave, with the head placed to the east. Femur and tibia measured 173 and 14 inches respectively. Nothing accompanied this body; but near its feet lay the skull (marked "J") of a young person about 20 years of age, with back upper left molar fully grown, minus under-jaw; and there is a large suspicious-looking circular hole in the left parietal bone. At a depth of nine feet from the base of the barrow we reached the firm undisturbed floor of this grave which, at about half its depth, measured 11 feet east and west, and 10 feet north and south; and at the bottom 7 feet east and west, and 5 feet north and south. On the bottom of the grave lay an adult body (marked "K") on its back, head to east. knees drawn up, right arm bent over the chest, and hand on the left shoulder; the left arm bent at a right angle over the abdomen, with the hand near the right elbow. Femur, tibia, and humerus measured 19, 15, and 13 inches respectively, and were of strong make. Master Mark Sykes, of Sledmere, much interested, assisted the writer to uncover this body. At the knees lay the irreparably crushed remains of a semiglobular food-vase, of which a restoration is given (pl. xi., fig. 3). It was made of dark-coloured Kimmeridge clay, obtained in the neighbourhood. Near the vase nine small flint flakes were found, some of which were slightly knotched on one edge as if intended for saws; there were also two cores from which a few flakes had been struck; all were of dark-coloured flint. These flints were very poor specimens,

none of them seemed suitable even for the most inferior tool. Probably they were placed there during some superstitious burial ceremony as a charm. Much decayed wood and several thin patches of ferruginous matter (not the residue of any oxidized iron implements) were in contact with the body, over and under it. At various depths in the body of the mound, a little to the south of the grave, there were thirteen more deposits of burnt bones, denoted on the plan by the Nos. 25 to 37 both inclusive, and with No. 30 there was a bone pin (pl. xi., fig. 4).

About three feet above and near the outside of the southern edge of the large grave ("B" on the plan) were the distorted remains (from unequal settling) of a young person (marked "L") having only two molar teeth on each side of each jaw, and there was no appearance that there ever had, or would have been, a third molar, which originally had been placed with its head to the north, knees pulled up, right arm crossed over the body, and the left arm doubled, with hand brought to the shoulder. Femur and tibia measured 16 and 13 inches respectively. This body seemed to have been interred with its head and shoulders considerably raised, and probably was protected by a cist-formed receptacle of wood, this being sufficiently durable to allow the flesh to decay, thus allowing the under-jaw to fall some distance from the head, the head to roll over, and other bones to fall into the unnatural position in which they were found. A small deposit of cremated bones lay close to the hips of this body, but no relic accompanied it. About sixteen feet south-east of the centre of the large grave, and one foot above the base of the barrow, lay a body (marked "M") on its back, head to south-west, with knees pulled up and head pressed over to the north-west. Femur and tibia measured 18 and 14 inches respectively. The right humerus measured 13 inches, whilst the left measured 12 inches only. Over this body were the greatly decayed remains of two very small infants, the positions of which could not be made out. About 20 feet west of these and about three feet above the base of the mound and in the bottom bed or core of hazel-coloured clayey soil were most of the bones of one leg of a fox, the flesh of which had probably been * Determined by Prof. Newton,

*