Most mighty sovereign, on the western coast Rideth a puissant navy; to the shore Throng many doubtful hollow-hearted friends, Unarm'd, and unresolv'd to beat them back: 'Tis thought that Richmond is their admiral; And there they hull, expecting but the aid Of Buckingham to welcome them ashore. Halliwell quotes Donne, Essays in Divinity (1656): "So, in this question, where we cannot go forward to make Moses the first author, for many strong oppositions, to ly hulling upon the face of the waters, and think nothing, is a stupid and lazy inconsideration, which (as Saint Austin says) is the worst of all affections." 169. Line 225: drive.-So Pope and subsequent editors; Ff. have driues. 170. Lines 238, 239: My learn'd and well-beloved servant, Cranmer, Johnson incorrectly added here a stage-direction: "The king speaks to Cranmer." Cranmer was at this time abroad on an embassy. Compare iii. 2. 62-67: "When returns Cranmer?" &c. The words in the text are merely a mental apostrophe. ACT III. SCENE 1. 171.-Holinshed's account of the cardinals' visit to the Queen is as follows: "The cardinals being in the queenes chamber of presence, the gentleman vsher aduertised the quéene that the cardinals were come to speake with hir. With that she rose vp, & with a skeins of white thred about hir necke, came into hir chamber of presence, where the cardinals were attending. At whose comming, quoth she, What is your pleasure with me? If it please your grace (quoth Cardinall Wolseie) to go into your priuie chamber, we will shew you the cause of our comming. My lord (quoth she) if yée haue anie thing to saie, speake it openlie before all these folke, for I feare nothing that yee can saie against me, but that I would all the world should heare and sée it, and therefore speake your mind. Then began the cardinall to speake to hir in Latine. Naie good my lord (quoth she) speake to me in English. "Forsooth (quoth the cardinall) good madame, if it please you, we come both to know your mind how you are disposed to doo in this matter betwéene the king and you, and also to declare secretlie our opinions and counsell vnto you: which we doo onelie for verie zeale and obedience we beare vnto your grace. My lord (quoth she) I thanke you for your good will, but to make you answer in your request I cannot so suddenlie, for I was set among my maids at worke, thinking full little of anie such matter, wherein there néedeth a longer deliberation, and a better head than mine to make answer, for I néed counsell in this case which toucheth me so néere, & for anie counsell or freendship that I can find in England, they are not for my profit. What thinke you my lords, will anie Englishman counsell me, or be fréends to me against the K pleasure that is his subiect? Naie forsooth. And as for my own counsell in whom I put my trust, they be not here, they be in Spaine in my owne countrie. "And my lords, I am a poore woman, lacking wit, to answer to anie such noble persons of wisedome as you be, in so weightie a matter, therefore I praie you be good to me poore woman, destitute of fréends here in a forren region, and your counsell also I will be glad to hear. And therewith she took the cardinall by the hand, and led him into hir priuie chamber with the other cardinall, where they tarried a season talking with the quéene" (iii. 739, 740). 172. Lines 16, 17: the two great cardinals Wait in the PRESENCE. Presence is used for presence-chamber in Richard II. i. 3. 289, and very similarly in Romeo and Juliet, v. 3. 86. 173. Lines 21-23: I do not like their coming. Now I think on 't, The punctuation in the text is that of Rowe's second edition, substantially the same as Ff. Capell, followed by some editors, gives to the passage another sense by putting a comma after coming and a full stop after on 't. Stage-direction: Enter Wolsey and CAMPEIUS.-Ff. have "Campian" instead of "Campeius." The correction was introduced by Rowe. 174 Line 23: But all hoods make not monks.-The Latin proverb, Cucullus non facit monachum, is quoted in Twelfth Night, i. 5. 62, and Measure for Measure, v. 1. 263. See note 204 to the latter. 175. Line 42: O, good my lord, no Latin.-Compare Webster, The White Devil, iii. 1. 10-25: Lawyer. Domine judex, converte oculos in hanc pestem, mulierum corruptissimam. Vitt. Cor. What's he? Fran, de Med. A lawyer that pleads against you. Vitt. Cor. Pray, my lord, let him speak his usual tongue; I'll make no answer else. Fran. de Med. Why, you understand Latin. Vitt. Cor. I do, sir, but amongst this auditory Which comes to hear my cause, the half or more May be ignorant in 't. Mont. Go on, sir. Vitt. Cor. By your favour, I will not have my accusation clouded You need not stand on 't much; pray, change your language. 176. Line 61: And comforts to YOUR cause.-F. 1 misprints our; the error is corrected in F. 2. 177. Line 145: Ye have angels' faces, but heaven knows your hearts.-This is perhaps a reference to the famous Non Angli sed Angeli, attributed to Augustine and to Pope Gregory the Great. Steevens compares Greene, The Spanish Masquerado, 1585: "England, a little island, where, as saint Augustin saith, there be people with angel faces, so the inhabitants have the courage and hearts of lyons." 178. Lines 151, 152: the lily That once was mistress of the field and flourish'd. Holt White compares Spenser's Faerie Queene, ii. 6. 16: The lilly, Lady of the flowring field. ACT III. SCENE 2. 179. Compare Holinshed's Chronicle, in the year 1527: "This time a bill was set vp in London, much contrarie to the honour of the cardinall, in the which the cardinall was warned that he should not counsell the king to marrie his daughter into France; for if hée did, he should show himself enimie to the king and the realme, with manie threatning words. This bill was delivered to the cardinall by sir Thomas Seimor maior of the citie, which thanked him for the same, & made much search for the author of that bill, but he could not be found, which sore displeased the cardinall. And upon this occasion the last daie of April at night he caused a great watch to be kept at Westminster, and had there cart guns readie charged, & caused diuerse watches to be kept about London, in Newington, S. Iohns street, Westminster, saint Giles, Islington, and other places néere London: which watches were kept by gentlemen & their seruants, with householders, and all for feare of the Londoners bicause of this bill. When the citizens knew of this, they said that they marvelled why the cardinall hated them so, for they said that if he mistrusted them, he loved them not: and where love is not, there is hatred: and they affirmed that they never intended anie harme toward him, and mused of this chance. For if fiue or six persons had made alarm in the citie, then had entred all these watchmen with their traine, which might have spoiled the citie without cause. Wherefore they much murmured against the cardinall and his vndiscréet dooings" (iii. 716). 180. Line 30: The cardinal's LETTERS to the Pope miscarried. So Ff.; Steevens, and many subsequent editors, read letter, on the authority of line 53: "this letter of the cardinal's;" and lines 221, 222: The letter, as I live, with all the business I writ to 's holiness. It seems more likely than not that letter is what the author wrote; but it is very possible that he wrote letters, whether of set intention or by inadvertence. 181. Lines 38, 39: The king in this perceives him, how he coasts To hedge, i.e. to creep along by the hedge, is used metaphorically once or twice by Shakespeare in the sense of shuffling, coming to an end by circumlocutions. Compare 183. Line 47: Marry, this is yet but YOUNG.-Compare Macbeth, iii. 4. 144: We are yet but young in deed; and Romeo and Juliet, i. 1. 166: "Is the day so young?" 184. Line 52: memoriz'd.-Compare Macbeth, i. 2. 40: Or memorize another Golgotha, 185. Line 78: Look'd he o' the inside of the PAPER?-So Ff.; Keightley and some following editors read papers, which may not improbably be correct, though no change is really necessary. 186. Lines 85, 86: It shall be to the Duchess of Alençon, The French king's sister: he shall marry her. This was the daughter of Charles of Orleans, married in 1509 to Charles, duke of Alençon, and in 1527, two years after her first husband's death, to Henry of Navarre. "It was reported at the time," says Lingard, "that the great object of [Wolsey's embassy to France in July, 1527] was to offer in the king's name marriage to a French princess; according to some, to Margaret, duchess of Alençon, and sister of Francis; according to others, to his sister-in-law, Renée, daughter of the late king, Louis XII. We are even told that Margaret refused, on the ground that the consequence would be wretchedness and death to Catherine: and that the proposal was made to Renée, at Compeigne, but, for reasons with which we are unacquainted, did not take effect. These stories, though frequently repeated by succeeding writers, are undoubtedly fiction, both as far as regards Margaret, for she was married to the King of Navarre on the 24th of January, 1527, five months before Wolsey set out on the embassy; and also with respect to Renée. It may have been that, as Polydore asserts (p. 82), Wolsey, when the question of the divorce was first mentioned, suggested the benefit which would arise from a union with Margaret, and that, after her marriage with the King of Navarre, he substituted in his own mind Renée in her place" (History of England, ed. 1849, vol. iv. pp. 587, 588). pointed out, from the account given by Holinshed of a similar accident by which Wolsey himself brought about the ruin of another. Holinshed's account of the matter is as follows: "This yeare [1508] was Thomas Ruthall made bishop of Durham by Henrie the seauenth. This man was after the death of King Henrie the seauenth, one of the priuie councell to King Henrie the eight; in whose court he was so continuallie attendant, that he could not steale anie time to attend the affaires of his bishoprike. He was accompted the richest subiect through the realme. To whome (remaining then at the court) the king gave in charge to write a booke of the whole estate of the kingdome, bicause he was knowne to the king to be a man of sufficiencie for the discharge thereof, which he did accordinglie. "Afterwards, the king commanded cardinall Woolseie to go to this bishop, and to bring the booke awaie with him to deliuer it to his maiestie. But see this mishap! that a man in all other things so prouident, should now be so negligent: and at that time most forget himselfe, when (as it after fell out) he had most need to haue remembred himselfe. For this bishop hauing written two bookes (the one to answer the king's command, and the other intreating of his owne priuate affaires) did bind them both after one sort in vellame, iust of one length, bredth, and thicknesse, and in all points in such like proportion answering one another, as the one could not by anie especiall note be discerned from the other: both of which he also laid vp togither in one place of his studie. "Now when the cardinall came to demand the booke due to the king: the bishop vnaduisedļie commanded his seruant to bring him the booke bound in white vellame being in his studie in such a place. The seruant dooing accordinglie, brought foorth one of those bookes so bound, being the booke intreating of the state of the bishop, and deliuered the same vnto his maister, who receiuing it (without further consideration or looking on) gane it to the cardinall to beare vnto the king. The cardinall hauing the booke, went from the bishop, and after (in his studie by himselfe) vnderstanding the contents thereof, he greatlie reioised, hauing now occasion (which he long sought for) offered vnto him to bring the bishop into the king's disgrace. "Wherefore he went foorthwith to the king, deliuered the booke into his hands, and bréefelie informed the king of the contents thereof; putting further into the king's hand, that if at anie time he were destitute of a masse of monie, he should not need to séeke further than to the cofers of the bishop, who by the tenor of his owne booke had accompted his proper riches and substance to the value of a hundred thousand pounds. Of all which when the bishop had intelligence (what he had doon, how the cardinall vsed him, what the king said, and what the world reported of him) he was stricken with such gréefe of the same, that he shortlie through extreame sorrow ended his life at London, in the year of Christ 1523. After whose death the cardinall, which had long before gaped after the said bishoprike, in singular hope to atteine therevnto, had now his wish in effect" (iii. 540, 541). 189. Line 123: There, on my conscience, put UNWIT TINGLY. This word is only used elsewhere in Shakespeare in Richard III. ii. 1. 56. 190. Line 142: I deem you an ill HUSBAND.-Compare Taming of the Shrew, v. 1. 71, 72: "while I play the good husband at home, my son and my servant spend all at the university." 191. Line 142: glad.-F. 1 misprints gald. 192. Line 162: The PRIME man of the state.-Prime is used here for first, foremost. Compare Tempest, i. 2. 72: "Prospero the prime duke;" and 425: "my prime request." See, too, in the present play, i. 2. 67, and ii. 4. 229. 193. Lines 169-171: my endeavours That for your highness' good I ever labour'd It is not improbable that there is some corruption in this That, as my hand has open'd bounty to you, My heart dropp'd love, my power rain'd honour, more Wolsey, beginning a vehement protestation of his loyalty, and being in some confusion, intends by that am, have, and will be to answer Henry's closing words, and to assert that he is, has been, and will be, all that the King has just required of him. The only apology for such a construction lies in the perturbed state of mind into which the Cardinal has been thrown. Perhaps that is enough to account for it. 195. Line 197: As doth a rock against the CHIDING flood. -Compare Midsummer Night's Dream, iv. 1. 119–123: never did I hear Such gallant chiding; for, besides the groves, The letter, as I live, with all the business I writ to s holiness. Compare the account given by Holinshed of the circumstances which led to Wolsey's fall: "While the matter stood in this state, and that the cause of the queene was to be heard and iudged at Rome, by reason of the appeale which by hir was put in: the cardinall required the pope by letters and secret messengers, that in anie wise he should defer the iudgement of the diuorse, till he might frame the king's mind to his purpose. "Howbeit he went about nothing so secretlie, but that the same came to the king's knowledge, who tooke so high displeasure with his cloked dissimulation, that he determined to abase his degrée, sith as an vnthankfull person he forgot himselfe and his dutie towards him that had so highlie aduanced him to all honor and dignitie' (iii. 740). 'Tis of all sleeps the sweetest: Children begin it to us, strong men seek it. And kings from height of all their painted glories 199. Lines 228-349.-Holinshed's account of this interview is as follows: "In the mean time the king, being informed that all those things that the cardinall had doone by his power legantine within this realme, were in the case of the premunire and prouision, caused his atturnie Christopher Hales to sue out a writ of premunire against him, in the which he licenced him to make his atturneie. And further the seventeenth of Nouember the king sent the two dukes of Norffolke and Suffolke to the cardinals place at Westminster, who (went as they were commanded) and finding the cardinall there, they declared that the kings pleasure was that he should surrender vp the great seale into their hands, and to depart simplie vnto Asher, which was an house situat nigh vnto Hampton court, belonging to the bishoprike of Winchester. The cardinall demanded of them their commission that gaue them such an authoritie, who answered againe, that they were sufficient commissioners, and had authoritie to do no lesse by the kings mouth. Notwithstanding, he would in no wise agrée in that behalfe, without further knowledge of their authorities, saieng; that the great seale was deliuered him by the kings person, to inioy the ministration thereof, with the room of the chancellor for the terme of his life, whereof for his suretie he had the kings letters patents. "This matter was greatlie debated betwéene them with manie great words, in so much that the dukes were faine to depart againe without their purpose, and rode to Windsore to the king, and made report accordinglie; but the next daie they returned againe, bringing with them the kings letters. Then the cardinall deliuered vnto them the great seale, and was content to depart simplie, taking with him nothing but onelie certeine provision for his house" (iii. 740, 741). The "articles collected from his life," hurled at Wolsey by the two dukes (lines 310-332), are all found in Holinshed (iii. 747), with three others, one of which probably suggested lines 294-296. 200. Line 250: letters-patents.-Knight and Collier print letters patent, but it is letters patents in the extract given above from Holinshed, and in Richard II. ii. 1. 202 and ii. 3. 130. The term is not used elsewhere in Shakespeare. 201. Line 280: To be thus JADED by a piece of scarlet.Jade is used twice in Shakespeare with a similar meaning of " spurn, treat like a jade." In II. Henry VI iv. 1. 52 we have a jaded groom;" and in Antony and Cleopatra, iii. 1. 33, 34: The ne'er-yet-beaten horse of Parthia We have jaded out o' the field. The same word is used in the sense of "make ridiculous" in Twelfth Night, ii. 5. 178. Compare Cotgrave, s. v. "Rosse, a jade." "Il n'est si bon cheval qui n'en deviendroit rosse: It would anger a saint, or crestfall the best man living to be so used." 202. Line 282: And dare us with his cap like larks.-The allusion is to the scarlet hat of a cardinal, and to a way of catching larks by engaging their attention by small mirrors fastened on scarlet cloth. Steevens quotes from Skelton's satire on Wolsey, Why Come Ye Not to Court: Now, if you can blush, and cry guilty, cardinal, This is the punctuation of Ff.; Pope read: Now, if you can, blush and cry guilty, cardinal. 206. Line 321: Gregory de CASSADO.-So Ff., which Rowe corrected into "Gregory de Cassalis.” But Hall and Holinshed have Cassado. See the latter, iii. 747: "Item, he without the Kings assent, sent a commission en Gregorie de Cassado, Knight, to conclude a league betwéene the King and the duke of Ferrara, without the Kings knowledge." 207. Line 339: By your power LEGATINE. — F. 1 has Legatiue (turned n), which in F. 2, F. 3 became Legantive, and F. 4 Legantine. The correction was introduced by Rowe in his second edition. The word occurs in the passage of Holinshed quoted in note 199. 208. Line 343: Chattels.-So Theobald. Ff. have Castles, doubtless a misprint for Catelles, the form of the word in Hall. Theobald says: "I have ventured to substitute chattels here, as the author's genuine word, because the judgment in a writ of præmunire is, that the defendant shall be out of the king's protection; and his lands and tenements, goods and chattels, forfeited to the king; and that his body shall remain in prison at the king's pleasure." Compare Holinshed: "After this, in the kings bench his matter for the premunire, being called vpon, two atturneis, which he had authorised by his warrant signed with his owne hand, confessed the action, and so had iudgement to foreit all his lands, tenements, goods and cattels, and to be out of the kings protection." 209. Line 351: Farewell! a long farewell to all my greatness!-Ff. have a note of interrogation after the first Farewell, and J. Hunter (New Illustrations of Shakespeare, ii. 108) defends this punctuation, finding in it much significance; but with little probability. Nothing is more common in the Ff. than the substitution of a note of interrogation for a note of exclamation. 210. Lines 352, 353: to-day he puts forth The tender leaves of HOPES. So Ff.; Steevens and most editors read hope, which is very likely right, though on the whole I am inclined to agree with Grant White, who says: "There is an appreciable, though a delicate distinction between the 'tender leaves of hope' and the 'tender leaves of hopes;' and the idea conveyed to me by the latter, of many desires blooming into promise of fruition, is the more beautiful, and is certainly less commonplace." 211. Line 369: That sweet aspect of princes, and THEIR ruin. Their has been unnecessarily altered, by Pope to our, by Hanmer to his (who reads he instead of we in the preceding line). The meaning is, the ruin inflicted by them. Compare ii. 2. 44: "And free us from his slavery," where "his slavery" means the slavery he imposes. Rolfe mentions the occurrence of three similar instances of the subjective genitive in a single scene (v. 1) of The Tempest: "your release," "their high wrongs," and "my wrongs." 212. Lines 397-399: that his bones May have a tomb of orphans' tears wept on 'EM! Ff. print him, which is retained only by the Old-Spelling editors. The correction (for it seems to be certainly required) was introduced by Capell. Steevens compares with the expression Drummond's Teares for the Death of Moeliades: The Muses, Phoebus, Love, have raised of their tears A crystal tomb to him, through which his worth appeares. 213. Line 408: There was the weight that pull'd me down. -Compare Cavendish, Life of Wolsey (ed. Singer, vol. i. p. 55): "Thus passed the cardinal his life and time, from day to day and year to year, in such great wealth, joy, and triumph and glory, having always on his side the king's especial favour, until Fortune, of whose favour no man is longer assured than she is disposed, began to wax something wroth with his prosperous estate, [and] thought she would devise a mean to abate his high port; wherefore she procured Venus, the insatiate goddess, to be her instrument. To work her purpose she brought the king in love with a gentlewoman that, after she perceived and felt the king's good will towards her, and how diligent he was to please her, and to grant all her request, wrought the cardinal much displeasure. This gentlewoman, the daughter of Sir Thomas Boleyn," etc. See remainder of passage in note 116 above. 214. Lines 421, 422: make USE now, and provide For thine own future safety. Use is interest. Compare Venus and Adonis, 768: But gold that's put to use more gold begets. Boyer (French Dictionary) has "Use, (Interest of Money) intérêt, rente d'argent prêté," and below "To put one's Money to use, or to lend it out upon use, mettre son Argent a Intérêt." 215. Line 452: There take an inventory of all I have.— Douce says: "This inventory Wolsey actually caused to be taken upon his disgrace, and the particulars may be seen at large in Stowe's Chronicle, p. 546, edit. 1631. Among the Harl MSS. there is one intitled, 'An Inventorie of Cardinal Wolsey's rich Householde Stuffe. Temp. Henry VIII. The original book, as it seems, kept by his own officers.' See Harl. Catal. No. 599" (Variorum Ed. xix. 433). 216. Lines 456-458: Had I but serv'd my God with half the zeal Holinshed, in his account of Wolsey's last hours, states that the cardinal said to "master Kingston " (that is, Sir William Kingston) immediately before his death: "if I had serued God as diligentlie as I haue doone the king, he would not haue giuen me ouer in my greie haires: but it is the iust reward that I must receiue for the diligent paines and studie that I haue had to doo him seruice, |