1. Vilia miretur vulgus.—I may just note that the MS. transcript of Day's delightful Parliament of Bees, which is preserved among the Lansdowne MSS. (No. 725), bears the following title: "An olde Manuscript conteyning the Parliament of Bees, found In a Hollow Tree In a garden at Hibla, in a strandge Languadge, And now faithfully Translated into Easie English Verse by

John Day,

Cantabrig.

Ovidius

mihi flavus Apollo Pocula Castaliis plena ministret aquis,"

The couplet, by the way, is from Ovid's Amores, bk. I. Elegy xv. lines 35, 36, a poem which, as Professor Baynes notes, had not been translated into English; when Marlowe's Version first appeared is not certain, perhaps, as Gifford thinks, in 1598. The rendering of this particular Elegy (xv.) was evidently by Ben Jonson; see the Poetaster, i. 1 (page 107 in Routledge's edition), where the poem has undergone some revision and alterations from its original form as published in Marlowe's volume. Thus the first version of the present couplet runs:

Let base-conceited wits admire vild things; Fair Phoebus lead me to the Muses' springs. -Bullen's Marlowe, vol. iii. p. 137; while in The Poetaster it stands, quaintly enough: Kneel hinds to trash: me let bright Phoebus swell With cups full flowing from the Muses well,

-Ben Jonson, Works, p. 107. Marston is probably sneering at Shakespeare when he says in the poem to the third book of his Satires:

I invocate no Delian deitie,

No sacred ofspring of Mnemosyne;

I pray in aid of no Castalian muse.

-Works, edn. 1856, iii. p. 285.

2. Dedication: the first heir of my INVENTION. — So Marston describes his Pigmalion as being a "young newborn invention;" and again in the lines To his Mistres writes:

I invocate no other saint but thee,
To grace the first bloomes of my poesie.
Thy favours, like Promethean sacred fire,
In dead and dull conceit can life inspire,
Or, like that rare and rich elixar stone,
Can turn to gold, leaden invention

-Works, iii pp 200, 202. Some critics regard Marston's Pigmalion (1598) as a parody of Venus and Adonis; others, as an imitation of Shakespeare's poem. For myself, I must confess I cannot trace the supposed resemblance. Shakespeare, by the way, may conceivably be the fifth poet described in the sixth satire of the Scourge of Villanie (1598) (Works, iii. pp. 275, 276).

3. Dedication: and never after EAR.-See note on unear'd, Sonnet iii. 5.

4. Lines 1, 2: Even as the sun, &c.—One of Gullio's pla

13. Line 125: These BLUE-VEIN'D violets whereon we lean. I find the same graceful epithet applied to the violet by Day in The Parliament of Bees, Character i. line 7:

The blue-veined violets, and the damask rose. So in a charming lyric in England's Helicon:

How shall I her pretty tread

Express

When she doth walk?

Scarce she does the primrose head

Depress,

Or tender stalk

Of blue-vein'd violets,

Whereon her foot she sets,

-Bullen's Reprint, p. 88.

14. Line 130: Beauty within itself, &c.-Compare Sonnet ix. 11, 12:

But beauty's waste hath in the world an end, And kept unused, the user so destroys it.

15. Line 140: Mine EYES are GRAY.-See Two Gentlemen of Verona, note 111; also Titus Andronicus, ii. 2. 1. 16. Line 147: Or, like a nymph, &c.-These lines are not unsuggestive of Midsummer Night's Dream, ii. 1. 85, 86.

17. Line 157: Is thine own heart to thine own face affected?-This curious idea of self-love meets us in Fletcher's Faithful Shepherdess, iv. 4:

Dearer than thou canst love thyself though all
The self-love were within thee that did fall
With that coy swain that now is made a flower.

-Beaumont & Fletcher, in Mermaid Series, vol. ii. p. 383: the swain in question being, of course, Adonis. Compare, too, a stanza in Bullen's Lyrics (1887), pp. 63, 64:

O let not beauty so forget her birth
That it should fruitless home return to earth!
Love is the fruit of beauty, then love one!
Not your sweet self, for such self-love is none.

30. Line 367: Once more the ENGINE of her THOUGHTS began. So Titus Andronicus, iii. i. 82:

O, that delightful engine of her thoughts.

31. Line 396: ENFRANCHISING his mouth.-Enfranchise, Professor Minto notes (Characteristics of English Poets, p. 375), is a favourite word with Shakespeare in his early plays; afterwards he uses it only in a political and technical sense.

32. Line 453: Like a RED MORN, &c.-Compare Hero and Leander, third sestiad (by Chapman), 177, 178:

And after it a foul black day befell,
Which ever since a red morn doth foretell.
-Bullen's Marlowe, iii. p. 47.

The proverb says:

A red sky at night 's a shepherd's delight; A red sky at morning's a shepherd's warning. And another version says:

If red the sun begins his race,
Be sure the rain will fall apace..

This, of course, is the reference in St. Matthew xvi. 2, 3: "When it is evening, ye say, It will be fair weather; for the sky is red. And in the morning, It will be foul weather to day; for the sky is red and lowering."

According to Thiselton Dyer, the notion is "common on the Continent. Thus, at Milan, the proverb was, 'If the morn be red, rain is at hand"" (Folklore of Shakespeare, p. 62).

say, and at a respectful distance. This is a sample of the paraphrase perpetrated by Dryden's Lisideius:

Forbear, regardless youth! at length forbear;
Nor prosecute with Beasts an endless War,
Thy Venus do's in all the Danger share.
Or, if, alas! thy too licentious Mind

Is still to Vig'rous Sylvan Sports inclin'd,
At least, dear youth! be cautious in thy Way,
Fly, fly with care each furious Beast of Prey;
Ne'er armi'd with Launce provoke the raging Boar
And dread the Lion's most tremendous Roar:
From the rough Bear's rude Grasp, oh! swiftly run,
The Leopard and the cruel Tyger shun;
With strict Regard, oh! ever such avoid,
Lest all my joy shou'd be with thee destroy'd:
But Nets, or fleetest Hounds for Deer prepare;
Or chace the crafty Fox, or tim'rous Hare:
Mix Safety ever with thy Sports, be wise,
And ne'er approach where Danger may arise.

51. Line 680: to OVERSHOOT his troubles.-Q. 1, Q. 2, and Q. 3 give ouer-shut. The reading in the text is due to Steevens.

52. Line 682: He CRANKS and crosses, &c.-For crank =run crookedly, cf. I. Henry IV. iii. 1. 98:

See how this river comes me cranking in. Everyone will recollect Milton's "quips and cranks," L'Allegro, 27, where cranks is equivalent to sharp turns of wit; and an equally good illustration of the use of the word occurs in The Faerie Queene, bk. vii. c. vii. st. lii. 9: So many turning cranks these have, so many crookes. -Globe ed. of Spenser, p. 435Compare also Coriolanus, i. 1. 141.

53. Lines 695, 696: Echo replies, &c.-In the Fortune's Tennis-ball, or Pocula Castalia (1640), of Robert Baron several very daring appropriations of lines in Venus and Adonis occur. For instance, the present couplet appears in this form:

The airy queen (sounds child) each cell replies,
As if another chase, &c.
-Stanza xviii.

See the Shakespeare Centurie of Prayse, in the publications of the New Shakspere Society, p. 231.

54. Line 697: By this, poor WAT, &c.—Dyer (Folklore, p. 178) suggests that the name comes from the long ears or wattles of the hare, though properly, according to Skeat, a wattle is "the fleshy part under the throat of a cock or turkey." In any case, Wat is a recognized term for a hare; cf. Drayton's Polyolbion, xxiii. :

The man whose vacant mind prepares him to the sport, The finder sendeth out, to seek out nimble Wat

55. Line 724: Rich preys make true men thieves.-The sentiment is that of Sonnet xlviii. 14:

For truth proves thievish for a prize so dear.

56. Line 757: a SWALLOWING GRAVE.-Compare "mouthed graves" in Sonnet lxxvii. 6.

57. Line 765: Or theirs whose desperate hands THEMSELVES do slay.-For Shakespeare's sentiments on this subject we may turn to Cymbeline, iii. 4. 78-80:

Against self-slaughter There is a prohibition so divine That cravens my weak hand.

Compare, too, Hamlet, i. 2. 131, 132.

"How many images and feelings are here brought together without effort and without discord, in the beauty of Adonis, the rapidity of his flight, the yearning, yet hopelessness of the enamoured gazer, while a shadowy ideal is thrown over the whole" (Coleridge, Lectures on Shakspere, Bohn's ed. pp. 220, 221). Peele has a fine use of the same simile in The Tale of Troy. Speaking of the sailing of the Greek fleet, he says:

Away they fly, their tackling toft and tight, As shoots a streaming star in winter's night. -Peele's Works, p. 554. 62. Line 825: Or stonish d as NIGHT-WANDERERS often are. Compare Midsummer Night's Dream, ii. 1. 39: Mislead night-wanderers, laughing at their harm.

63. Line 842: For LOVERS HOURS are LONG.-Compare the remarks upon "lovers' absent hours" in Othello, iii. 4. 174, 175, and see note on that passage.

64. Line 870: she COASTETH to the cry.-Coasteth to= makes towards. See Troilus and Cressida, note 261.

65. Line 871: And as she runs, &c.-This stanza receives the honour of quotation from Democritus Junior. See The Anatomy (reprint, 1881), p. 511.

66. Lines 887, 888: Finding their enemy, &c.-Reproduced almost verbatim in Pocula Castalia, stanza 17.

67. Line 899: BIDS them fear no more. Some of the later Quartos have will's.

68. Line 901: BEPAINTED all with red.-Compare Romeo and Juliet, ii. 2. 86:

Else would a maiden blush bepaint my cheek.

69. Line 908: that she UNTREADS again.-For untread =retrace, see King John, v. 4. 52; and Merchant of Venice, ii. 6. 10.

70. Line 916: the only SOVEREIGN plaster.-Compare Sonnet cliii. 8:

Against strange maladies a sovereign cure;

with note.

71. Lines 923, 924: Clapping their proud tails, &c.