lateral branch, was in the possession of the rebels. Amidst these hardships we had advanced but slowly, and were scarcely able, on the 22d of April, to see the opposite shores of the basin. We soon entered into branches of the stream, between islands where the vegetation appeared more pleasing. Nothing yet indicated the vicinity of a great commercial city, for the majestic forests rose from the mirror of the stream with the same virgin beauty and stillness as in the distant and uninhabited shores of the Peruvian Maranon. Morning at length dawned. The report of a cannon rolled over the surface of the water, others succeeded at regular intervals, and the melodious sound of many bells was added, and announced to us the long-wished-for secure asylum of Pará, and the morning of Easter Sunday. The light mist sunk into the water, and the beams of the rapidly rising sun illumined the long rows of houses of the well-built city. Some ships of war and numerous merchantmen formed the foreground of the beautiful picture; and the flags of my native Europe, as if to welcome her son on his escape from so many dangers, slowly unfolded their gay colours in the morning breeze. The anchor dropped; the broad continent was crossed; the goal was attained; and a look of gratitude was raised to Him, who, with a mighty hand, had guided the solitary wanderer, where human aid and human pity would have been sought in vain.

"Pará was in that state of excitement and party hatred which had already many times led to bloodshed, and was therefore very far from offering a quiet abode. The friendly care of Messrs. John Hesketh, Wilkinson, and Campbell, in conjunction with a more regular way of life, contributed so much to restore my strength, that I was able, at the expiration of ten days, to exchange the noisy city for the more agreeable abode in Colares, a little fishing village near the sea coast. Almost three months passed in waiting for a ship bound for the Netherlands. Though this last period was, for many reasons, less productive than the preceding, it furnished some additions to my collections, especially in live palms, which, however, were unfortunately partly destroyed in a storm during the voyage, and partly by a stray bomb of the French at Antwerp, where they had been left for the winter in the care of a gardener. Soon after my arrival in Colares, some painful hours were caused by the death of my faithful dog Pastor, who had courageously accompanied me for five years, from Valparaiso to the coast of Brazil, through the storms of the ocean and the hurricanes of snow-covered mountains; had been always a cheerful and welcome companion on blooming hills and in dark forests; had faithfully shared joy and fatigue, abundance and poverty; and now, at the end of the journey, sunk under the effects of the last sufferings. Bitter tears fell upon the grave, which an orange-tree overshadowed, and which received the faithful animal, to whom, after the lapse of years, the emotion and gratitude of his former master here erect a perishable monument.

"The Belgian brig Octavia, a small but quick-sailing vessel, bound for Antwerp, offered a favourable opportunity for returning home. Only a few days were spent in Pará, from which we sailed in the forenoon of the 7th of August. ** Solemn were the moments of my parting from

America, the land of wonders, which, as it had many years before received the novice on the shores of the West Indies, in the full splendour of the tropical morning, now dismissed him in friendly repose, in the evening twilight. The unclouded sun sunk with accelerated rapidity in the horizon, and his last beams fell on the distant lines of the primeval forest, which here covers the flat coast of Brazil even to the sea. Night at length drew over all her slow and gradual veil,' the continent had vanished, and reminiscences alone remained as the fairest fruits of past enjoyments."

Thus then we have accompanied our traveller in his long and often perilous wanderings; we have seen him bear, with uninterrupted equanimity, fatigues, hardships, dangers, and total seclusion from human society, supported by his admiration of the magnificent evidences of creative power, which, in those scenes of wonder and astonishment, so forcibly impel the contemplative mind "to look through nature up to nature's God." We have conceived his enthusiasm, for though we have not had the fortune to visit personally the scenes which he describes, we have listened with delight to a Humboldt, to a Martius, and other adventurous explorers of these continents, whose labours have made us better acquainted with the inmost recesses of these regions, than with some countries nearer home. We have at times indulged in Elysian dreams of some future age; when the hand of man shall have disarmed nature of her terrors, without despoiling her of her magnificence; when civilization shall have spread its blessings, without its evils, and the temples of a pure religion shall have taken the place of the hut of the savage and of the tiger's den. But these Utopian visions have been too soon dispelled by truth's unpitying beam, which has revealed to us a far different prospect. We behold with a conviction which no arguments can weaken, with a vividness of perception which no efforts of our own can soften, the certainty of an impending and tremendous conflict between the white, the negro, the coloured, and the Indian population, the fearful nature of which it is as easy to foresee as it is awful to contemplate. Such is also the opinion of Dr. Poeppig, who, in his account of Chili, has the following observations:

"No country in America enjoys, to such a degree as Chili, the advantages which a state derives from an homogeneous population and the absence of castes. If this young republic rose more speedily than any of the others from the anarchy of the revolutionary struggle, and has attained a high degree of civilization and order, with a rapidity of which there is no other example in this continent, it is chiefly indebted for those advantages to the circumstance, that there are extremely few people of colour among its citizens. Those various transitions of one race into the other are here unknown, which

strangers find it so difficult to distinguish, and which, in countries like Brazil, must lead, sooner or later, to a dreadful war of extermination, and in Peru and Columbia will defer to a period indefinitely remote the establishment of general civilization. *** If it is a great evil for a state to have two very different races of men for its citizens, the disorder becomes general, and the most dangerous collisions ensue, when, by an unavoidable mixture, races arise which belong to neither party, and in general inherit all the vices of their parents, but very rarely any of their virtues. If the population of Peru consisted of only Whites and Indians, the situation of the country would be less hopeless than it must now appear to every calm observer. Destined, as they seem by Nature herself, to exist on the earth as a race, for a limited period only, the Indians, both in the north and south of this vast continent, in spite of all the measures which humanity dictates, are becoming extinct with equal rapidity, and in a few centuries will leave to the Whites the undisputed possession of the country. With the Negroes the case is different; they have found in America a country which is even more congenial to their nature than the land of their origin, so that their numbers are almost everywhere increasing, in a manner calculated to excite the most serious alarm. In the same proportion as they multiply, and the white population is no longer recruited by frequent supplies from the Spanish peninsula, the people of colour likewise become more numerous. Hated by the dark mother, distrusted by the white father, they look on the former with contempt, on the latter with an aversion, which circumstances only suppress, but which is insuperable, as it is founded on a high degree of innate pride. All measures suggested by experience and policy, if not to amalgamate the heterogeneous elements of the population, yet to order them so that they might subsist together without collision, and contribute in common to the preservation of the machine of the state, have proved fruitless. *** The late revolutions have made no change in this respect. The hostility, the hatred, of the many coloured classes will continue a constant check to the advancement of the state, full of danger to the prosperity of the individual citizens, and perhaps the ground of the extinction of entire nations. The fate which must sooner or later befall the greater part of tropical America which is filled with negro slaves, which will deluge the fairest provinces of Brazil with blood, and convert them into a desert, where the civilized white man will never again be able to establish himself, may not indeed afflict Peru and Columbia to the same extent; but these countries will always suffer from the evils resulting from the presence of an alien race. If such a country as the United States feels itself checked and impeded by its proportionably less predominant black population; and if there, where the wisdom and power of the government are supported by public spirit, remedial measures are sought in vain; how much greater must be the evil in countries like Peru, where the supine character of the Whites favours incessant revolutions, where the temporary rulers are not distinguished either for prudence or real patriotism, and the infinitely rude Negro possesses

only brutal strength, which makes him doubly dangerous in such countries, where morality is at so low an ebb? He and his halfdescendant, the Mulatto, joined the white Peruvian, to expel the Spaniards, but would soon turn against their former allies, were they not at present kept back by want of moral energy and education, But the Negro and the man of colour, far more energetic than the white Creole, will in time acquire knowledge, and a way of thinking that will place them on a level with the Whites, who do not advance in the same proportion, so as to maintain their superiority."

When we consider all these circumstances, when we see Buenos Ayres even now harassed by perpetual wars with the Indians, when we think of the frightful crimes that have already taken place at Pará, we cannot but anticipate the consequences that must ensue, if the Negroes should rise in a general insurrection, and be joined by the native Indians. We wonder at the blind infatuation of the Brazilians, who, in defiance of their own laws, still import 100,000 new slaves every year from Africa; and we feel our minds depressed by the melancholy persuasion, that the future fate of these fine countries will prove even more tremendous, than the awful denunciation which threatens to visit. the sins of the fathers upon the children, even to the third and fourth generation.

We must not omit to mention, with due commendation, the sixteen striking views of the scenery of the Andes, which accompany this interesting work.

ART. II.—1. Lex Romana Burgundionum: ex Jure Romano et Germanico illustravit August. Frideric. Barkow, J. U. Doctor, et in Universitate Literaria Gryphiswaldensi Antecessor, Gryphiswaldiæ. 1826. 8vo.

2. Corpus Legum, sive Brachylogus Juris Civilis: ad fidem quattuor codicum scriptorum et principum editionum emendavit, commentarios criticos, locorum similium annotationem, notitiam litterariam, indicesque adjecit, ineditam incerti scriptoris Epitomen Juris Civilis, medio duodecimo seculo factam, ex codice Tubingensi edidit Eduardus Böcking, Juris utriusque Doctor, et in Universitate Frider. Guil, Rhenana E. O, Professor Publicus. Berolini. 1829. 8vo.

3. Lex Dei, sive Mosaicarum et Romanarum Legum Collatio: e codicibus manuscriptis Vindobonensi et Vercellensi, nuper repertis, auctam atque emendatam edidit, notis indicibusque illustravit Fridericus Blume, Hamburgensis, in Academia Georgia

Augusta Antecessor, Magn. Brit. Hannoveræque Regi ab Aulæ Cons. Bonnæ. 1833. 8vo. 4. Dissensiones Dominorum, sive Controversia veterum Juris Romani Interpretum qui Glossatores vocantur: edidit et adnotationibus illustravit Gustavus Haenel, Lipsiensis. Insunt anonymi vetus Collectio, Rogerü Dissensiones Dominorum, Codicis Chisiani Collectio, Hugolini Diversitates sive Dissensiones Dominorum super toto Corpore Juris Civilis; quibus adcedunt Excerpta e Rogerii Summa Codicis, Ilugolini Distinctionibus et Questionum Collectionibus. Omnia præter Rogerii Dissensiones nunc primum e codicibus edita, et indicibus rerum, glossatorum, legum, glossarum instructa. Lipsia. 1834. Svo. Of the ardour and enthusiasm with which the study of the civil law is now prosecuted in Germany, these four publications afford a signal proof. In what other country would the same books find such able editors, or indeed any editors whatsoever; and in what other country would they have found publishers? Here we are not presented with the precious reliques of the classical civilians, of such writers as Caius, Ulpian, and Paulus, but with those of nameless writers of the lower and middle ages. Every scattered remnant of ancient jurisprudence, however mutilated or disfigured, attracts the eager attention of the learned jurists with whom that country so conspicuously abounds: they possess sufficient industry, as well as sufficient skill, to separate the gold from the dross; and, from the most unpromising materials, from what to less practised eyes might appear a heap of rubbish, they sometimes extricate fragments of no inconsiderable value. It is besides to be noted that men of erudition have their own peculiar recreations, in which the uninitiated cannot participate, and of which they cannot form an adequate conception; nor is it very hard to conceive that Haubold or Hänel may have been as much entertained with the Dissensiones Dominorum, as any slender damsel with the most bepuffed of all the novels that have issued from any metropolitan shop. We must certainly admit that the entertainment is neither identical nor similar; but different palates are gratified by dishes of the most dissimilar flavour.

The book here described as Lex Romana Burgundionum was originally printed under the perplexing and unappropriate title of "Papiani liber Responsorum," and under that title it has generally been quoted and recognized. In the year 1566, it was first published by Cujacius, who subjoined it to his edition of the Theodosian Code. The name of Papianus was utterly unknown in the annals of jurisprudence; nor does the book contain the

VOL. XVII. NO. XXXIII.

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