it. The value of such a production must fall greatly short of the time and toil bestowed upon it, since accuracy is the only criterion for estimating it.

"That a plan may be drawn with the same mathematical precision, and afterwards so finished as to form a faithful and interesting picture of the various features of the property, comprehending the prospects which it commands, as if beheld in a camera-obscura, or from a lofty eminence, has been proved by the enlarged specimens which the author has recently submitted to public inspection. In these, the whole subject country is represented in the colours of nature, and all its parts are drawn in a correct and faithful manner. To that portion which represents the estate itself, the scale is universally applicable, while the delineation of the country bordering on it gives a lively idea of the relative bearings of the different parts on each other." (p. 9.)

Notwithstanding "the superior advantages," which Mr. Horner says attend "this style of delineation," we can by no means approve of it, either in point of utility or taste. In the first place, it cannot be carried into execution by any person who is not, as Mr. Horner himself was, a proficient in drawing landscape- in fact, a drawing-master. 2d. The map of an estate so delineated does not readily admit of marking on it alterations in the fences, roads or other features, or even of taking dimensions. 3d. In point of taste, the effect is bad of placing the compass, scales, &c., as part of the scenery of the foreground. On the whole, it seems to us an attempt to join together two things which are incompatible. A better mode would be, to show the estate in geometrical profile in the centre of the map, and to surround it by a panoramic bird'seye view of the scenery as far as the horizon on every side. Such a map we have shown in the Encyclopædia of Gardening, edit. 1835, fig. 639. p. 631.; and which we here repeat (fig. 73.).

After maturely considering all the various modes in which estates have been delineated, we are convinced that, in the present state of our knowledge, the three following modes are those alone which deserve to be adopted.

The Conventional Mode. The most common is the conventional mode; in which the situation of a wood is indicated

by a few scattered trees; a coppice, by a few bushes: hedges, by a simple line or a slight fringe to give an idea of vegetation; and buildings, sometimes by a plan only, and at others by an attempt at an elevation. This mode of delineating an estate is represented in fig. 72. p. 183.

The Vertical Profile. This mode consists in representing every object on an estate as it would be seen by the eye placed immediately over it. It differs from a bird's-eye view, inasmuch as, in the latter case, the eye is supposed to be placed directly over the centre of the map, in consequence of which all the objects will diminish as they approach towards its ex

tremities. This mode, it is obvious, could never be adopted in a plan or map that was to become a subject of reference for dimensions or superficial contents. The vertical, or geometrical profile, therefore, is the mode decidedly to be preferred. It does not give a picture of the elevations or sides of objects; but if we furnish all these objects with shadows, and suppose the position of the sun in the firmament to be at an angle of 45°, then the shadows, measuring from the centre of every object, will give its exact height, and as far as that shadow extends its equally exact shape. Fig. 74. is a specimen of this mode of mapping.

The Isometrical View. By this mode as accurate a groundplan is obtained as by any of the preceding modes, while at the same time an equally accurate representation of two sides of every object is obtained, the whole being strictly geometrical.*

If two isometrical views of an object or an estate are taken from opposite points, for example, from the two extremities of the diagonal of a square house, then the elevation of all the four sides of that house will be obtained with perfect

accuracy.

The isometrical delineation, therefore, we consider as by far the most perfect mode of representing an estate for purposes of utility, as well as with reference to landscape improvement. It therefore deserves the particular study of the gardener; and we would strongly recommend him to read very attentively the Chapter on Isometrical Projection and Perspective, to be found at p. 207.

Hints applicable to each of these three Modes. Take care to be particular in placing the ditches of the outside fences with accuracy (see fig. 61. p. 165.), because the proprietor on whose side the hedge is placed is considered as its owner, and bound to keep it up as a fence. Indicate the direction of running water, whether in ditches or brooks, by arrows placed in the bed of the brook, or alongside the ditch.

* Isostates, Gr. a surveyor; Isometrical, that which hath limits of exact

measure.

yas. 0

Exterior to the plan insert a scale of chains and links, and another of feet and yards, but take care to have these scales quite plain, and not, as they frequently are, made more conspicuous than the lines of the plan. Do not forget to place the north and south point in some spare place outside the plan, with perfect accuracy, and with the north and south line of sufficient length to admit of parallels being taken from it all through the plan. In general, follow the practice of map-engravers, and have the north at the top of the sheet; but deviate from this arrangement when, owing to the shape of the ground mapped, it will be found inconvenient. Place the name of the estate, its proprietor, and the parish and county in which it is situated, with the date of the survey, the purpose for which it was made, and the name of the person who made it, over the centre of the map, at the upper end of the paper; or, if there is not room in the centre, place it at either of the sides. Above all things, let the writing or printing be quite plain, and not overwhelmed with ornamental penmanship, which is to render the means more conspicuous than the end. In the right-hand corner, at the bottom of the sheet, and immediately within the boundary-line, let the party who is responsible for the accuracy of the map, or who has had indicated on it the alterations or improvements which he proposes, sign his name, adding his address and the date. The map, whether a mere survey to show the form and extent of the property, or a plan made to indicate proposed improvements, is now complete.

Shading and colouring Maps. Till within the last fifteen or twenty years, all maps were drawn and shaded with Indian ink or sepia, except such as were executed on parchment for legal purposes, to accompany title-deeds, &c.; these were drawn and shaded with fluid inks of different colours, which, being stains, sunk into the parchment, and, therefore, could not readily be erased like Indian ink or sepia, which adhere to the surface. Common writing ink is a very good substitute for these stains where the maps are not to be coloured. At present, Indian ink and sepia are only used in