arts, which included Latin, logic, rhetoric, ethics, and physics. In 1555 he went to the university of Paris, then at the summit of its reputation, where he studied law-the canon under Peter Rebuffius and the civil under Francis Balduinus. Returning home in 1561 he completed his education under the advice of John Craig, afterwards the coadjutor of Knox, who had just come back from the court of Maximilian to Scotland, and been appointed minister of Holyrood. Having attained a proficiency in classical learning greater than was usual even in that age, Craig was admitted advocate in February 1563, and in the following year received the appointment of justice-depute, whose duty it was, as the representative of the justice-general, then an hereditary office in the family of Argyll, held by Archibald, fifth earl, to preside in the trial of criminal causes. In the exercise of this office Craig held the courts on 1 April 1566 in which Thomas Scott, sheriff-depute of Perth, and Henry Yaire, a priest, servant of Lord Ruthven, were condemned to death for a subordinate part in the murder of Rizzio and treasonable seizure of the queen's person, for which the principal actors were pardoned at the intercession of Darnley; and less than two years later (3 Jan. 1568) he presided over the trial of Stephen Dalgleish, Hay, and Powrie, who met the same fate for their share in the murder of Darnley. He was saved from the ignominy of presiding at the mock assize which acquitted Bothwell, by Argyll in person undertaking that duty. About this time Craig married Helen, younger daughter of Robert Heriot of Lumphoy or Lymphoy, an estate in the parish of Currie in Midlothian. His zeal for law and letters probably kept Craig, who continued through life a diligent student, free from the political intrigues of this corrupt age. On the birth of James VI he published his first work, the 'Genethliacon,' a copy of complimentary verses on that event. In 1573, when he was appointed sheriff-depute of Edinburgh, Craig appears to have resigned his office as criminal judge. Neither appointment was inconsistent with practice at the bar, of which Craig enjoyed a fair share. We find him acting as counsel for the king along with the king's advocate in 1592. Three years previously he was one of a committee appointed to regulate the curriculum of the high school of Edinburgh, whose labours resulted in a very learned report (MCCRIE, Life of Melville), and he also served in the assembly of 1589. A considerable portion of his time must have been devoted to preparations for his legal treatises of the 'Jus Feudale,' published in 1603; a Treatise on the Right of James VI to the Succession to the English Crown,' and a Treatise on the Union,' written between 1603 and 1605, and a tract,' De Hominio,' in 1605. The only one of these published during his life was the 'Jus Feudale,' a very learned work, written with the avowed object of showing that the feudal law of Scotland and England had a common origin. It was republished by Mencken at Leipzig in 1716, and for the third time by James Baillie at Edinburgh in 1732, with a preface by Robert Burnet (afterwards Lord Crimond), a Scottish judge, and a brief life of Craig by James Baillie. No clearer statement of the feudal system in its legal relations exists, and it is still, although the law has been much altered, the standard authority in Scotland as to the original condition of its feudal landlaw, probably as complete as that of any European country. The Treatise on the Succession,' like all Craig's works written in Latin, was published in an English translation after his death by James Gatherer in 1703. It was an answer to the jesuit Parsons, who, under the assumed name of Doleman, had written in 1594 'A Conference about the next Succession to the Crown of England,' in which he supported the title of the infanta of Spain. This work was rigidly suppressed, and the possession of a copy declared high treason. The peaceful accession of James I was probably deemed by Craig to render the publication of his own work unnecessary. The 'De Hominio,' designed to prove that Scotland had never done homage to England, was also translated after his death by George Redpath and published by Thomas Rymer. The Treatise on the Union' is still in manuscript (Adv. Lib. A. 2, 12). Besides his graver labours Craig found time for occasional efforts in Latin verse, and his poems, the 'Paræneticon of James VI leaving Scotland,' the 'Propempticon to Prince Henry' on the same occasion, and the 'ETEPANOPOPIA on the Coronation,' originally printed in 1603 in Edinburgh, are included in the 'Delitia Poetarum Scotorum,' Amsterdam, 1637. While elegant and spirited, the verses of Craig do not raise him to the first rank of the Latin poets of his time, which was very prolific in this now forgotten department of letters. His fame as an author rests on the Jus Feudale.' Few events of note have been recorded in the later part of Craig's life. He went with James VI to England in 1603, and was present at his coronation. He is said through modesty to have declined the honour of knighthood, but the king directed that he should receive the title without the usual ceremony. In 1604 . he was one of the commissioners appointed by the parliament of Scotland to treat of the union, and attended the conference at Westminster for that purpose in the autumn of that year. This was the occasion of his "Treatise on the Union,' of which, as was natural in an official of James, he was a strenuous advocate. But his Scottish patriotism was moved by the disparagement to Scottish rights which he found prevalent amongst English lawyers, and a passage in the then recently published 'Chronicle of Holinshed,' asserting that homage had been rendered to England from the earliest times, induced him to write his Treatise on the Homage Question.' In this controversy, again renewed at the time of the union under Queen Anne by Attwood, who was censured by Anderson, and which has now passed out of the hands of lawyers into those of historians (Mr. Freeman and Mr. E. W. Robertson being the champions of their respective countries), the verdict of impartial writers has been given in favour of the contention of Craig, that nothing of the substance of homage was paid by the smaller kingdom, except for the short periods that it was treated as a conquered country by William the Conqueror, Rufus, and Edward I. On his return to Scotland Craig was nominated one of the Inner House advocates, a distinction attempted, but soon afterwards abandoned, in order to secure the attendance of the leaders of the bar on the full court. His name is second in the list, which probably indicates his eminence in the profession. Next year he was one of six advocates named by the court as qualified to fill a vacancy on the bench. Shortly before his death he was made advocate for the church, and as such defended in 1606 the six ministers who were tried for treason for holding a general assembly at Aberdeen. In 1607 he was appointed by parliament member of a commission for settling a Latin grammar for use in schools. That of Alexander Hume was selected, but failed to secure universal acceptance. This seems to have been Craig's last public duty. He died on 26 Feb. 1608 in his seventieth year, leaving three sons and two daughters. His eldest son, Lewis, became a judge, and founded the family of Riccarton. The second, James Craig of Castle Craig and Craigston, was killed in the Irish war in 1641. He died unmarried, and the third son, Thomas, physician to James VI and Charles I, succeeded to the Aberdeenshire estates. His eldest daughter, Margaret, married Sir Alexander Gibson of Durie, a distinguished Scottish judge; and the second, Elizabeth, became the wife of James John ston, whose son, Sir Archibald of Warriston, judge of the court of session, was the celebrated leader of the presbyterians. Sir Thomas Craig's granddaughter, Rachel Johnston of Warriston, married Robert Burnet, afterwards Lord Crimond, the father of Bishop Burnet, the historian. This number of notable descendants, especially of men of mark in his own profession, was a frequent occurrence in the Scottish noblesse de robe, of which the families of Hope, the lord advocate of Charles I, and of Lord Stair are other examples. It was in part due to hereditary talent, but persons of good family connection got a favourable start in their profession then, as those of good business connection now. The character of Craig is a pleasing one and contrasts with that of many of his contemporaries at the bar, of whom Mr. Tytler has given sketches in his 'Life of Craig.' A protestant by conviction, he was free from the intolerance which disgraced many of his presbyterian contemporaries. His father had remained a catholic till old age, when his late conversion is said to have given much satisfaction to his son. He was a zealous student of the law, fond of it for its own sake, and not over-anxious about the emoluments or honours it conferred upon its practitioners. To this was probably due the fact that he never reached the bench of the supreme court, to which he had a fair claim. It is related of his son, Sir Lewis, who is separately noticed, that he always uncovered when his father was pleading before him, although the judges then usually wore their hats on the bench. His hospitality and charity are specially noted by those who have sketched his life. 'He kept an open table,' says one of them, 'not only for the poorer sort of gentlemen and all good men, especially for all men of learning, but even many of the best rank of the kingdom were entertained at it, he thereby lessening his own estate, or at least making but a small addition to it, for he was not desirous of riches.' Yet he seems to have been able to leave competent fortunes to his sons [see CRAIG, SIR LEWIS; CRAIG, JOHN, d. 1620]. He had inherited, besides landed property, some houses in the High Street, opposite St. Giles's Church, which he rebuilt of square stones, with a large pavement of the same stones towards the street, which continued for long after to go by the name of Craig's plain stones, an anecdote trifling in itself, but marking that the Edinburgh of his day was recovering from the effects of Hertford's raid. His writings had all a public and patriotic end-to promote the union and to allay the jealousies of both nations. In that respect CRAIG, WILLIAM, LORD CRAIG (17451813), Scottish judge, son of William Craig, minister, of Glasgow, was born in 1745. He studied at the university of Edinburgh, and was admitted advocate at the Scottish bar in 1768. Partly on account of his literary tastes and pursuits, his success was not so rapid as his undoubted legal talents might have guaranteed. In 1784 he discharged the duties of advocate-depute along with Blair and Abercromby, and in 1787 he became sheriff-depute of Ayrshire. In 1792 he was on the death of Hailes raised to the bench with the title of Lord Craig. Though he had not held a prominent position at the bar, his elevation was fully justified by his career as a judge. In 1795 he succeeded Lord Henderland as a judge of the court of justiciary, an office which he held till 1812. He retained his office in the civil court till his death 8 July 1813. Craig along with other advocates was a member of a literary society called the 'Tabernacle,' who met at a tavern for reading essays and discussing literary matters. On the suggestion of Craig they ultimately resolved to start a periodical for the publication of the essays, upon which they changed the name of the society to the Mirror Club,' the name given to the publication being the 'Mirror.' It was published by Creech on Tuesdays and Saturdays, the first number appearing on Saturday 23 Jan. 1779, and the last (the 110th) 27 May 1780. Next to those of Henry Mackenzie the contributions of Craig were the most numerous, among them being a paper in the thirtysixth number which assisted to bring into notice the poems of Michael Bruce. Craig was also a frequent contributor to the 'Lounger (1785-6-7), published by the same club. He was cousin-german of Mrs. Maclehose, the 'Clarinda' of Robert Burns. Both publicly and privately he was held in much esteem for his upright conduct and courteous manners. [Kay's Original Portraits, i. 302-4, ii. 380; Haig and Brunton's Senators of the College of Justice, 540-1; Chambers's Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen (Thomson), i. 392–3.] Ť. F. H. CRAIG, SIR WILLIAM GIBSON (1797-1878), lord clerk register of Scotland, eldest son of (Sir) James Gibson, afterwards Craig, of Riccarton [q. v.], was born 2 Aug. 1797. Educated at the high school of Edin burgh and a private school in Yorkshire, he was called to the Scotch bar in 1820. His connection with the bar was, however, merely nominal, and after devoting some time to foreign travel he, on his return to Edinburgh, turned his attention to politics and other matters of public interest. In 1834 he served on the commission to inquire into church property in Ireland, and in the same year as a member of the general assembly of the church of Scotland he gave his support to the Veto Act. In 1835 he contested Midlothian with Sir George Clerk, but was defeated by a small majority. He was, however, returned in 1837, and in 1841 he exchanged the representation of the county for that of the city of Edinburgh, his parliamentary career closing in 1852. From 1846 to 1852 he was a lord of the treasury. In the public affairs of Edinburgh he took an active and prominent interest. He was one of the chief originators of the scheme for the water supply of the city, and through his suggestion a commission was in 1847 appointed to inquire into the whole subject of art in Scotland, the result of its deliberations being the erection of the National Gallery. In 1854 he was appointed to one of the unpaid seats at the board of supervision for the administration of the poor law in Scotland. In 1862 he was appointed lord clerk register and keeper of the signet in Scotland, and the following year was elected a privy councillor. The duties of lord clerk register he discharged gratuitously, in order that meanwhile inquiry might be made in regard to the functions of the office, the result being that in 1871 the salary of 1,2001. attached to it was restored. It is to his initiative that we owe the publication of the documents of the register office, of the privy council records, and of an index volume to Thomson's 'Acts of Parliament.' Craig was a leading member of the Highland and Ågricultural Society, of which he became treasurer in succession to Sir Thomas Dick Lauder. In 1848 he became deputy-lieutenant of Midlothian. Privately he secured general and cordial esteem, and was well known for his hospitality to men distinguished in politics or letters. He died 12 March 1878. By his wife, a daughter of Mr. H. Vivian, M.P., he left issue, and he was succeeded in the baronetcy by his eldest son. [Men of the Time, 9th ed.; Scotsman, 13 March 1878.] T. F. H. CRAIG, WILLIAM MARSHALL (A. 1788-1828), miniature-painter, said to have been a nephew of Thomson the poet, was drawing-master to the Princess Char-versity of that city in 1816, and in 1832 belotte of Wales, miniature-painter to the Duke came a fellow of the Edinburgh College of and Duchess of York, and painter in water- Physicians. He never attained great practice, colours to the queen. As early as 1788 he nor was famous as a teacher; but in 1828 exhibited at the Academy, being then resi- he published a bulky 'Elements of General dent at Manchester. In 1791, when he ex- and Pathological Anatomy,' of which a second hibited two figure subjects, he had settled in edition appeared in 1848. It shows that he London. In 1792 he began as a miniature had read many books on morbid anatomy, and portrait painter, varying this by occa- and the facts repeated from previous writers sional rustic figures, landscapes, and domestic are often well arranged by Craigie, so that it scenes. He contributed little after 1821, and may occasionally be looked into with profit. ceased to exhibit altogether in 1827. In the The part describing morbid changes in the panfirst quarter of the century he shared with creas is perhaps the best section of the book. John Thurston the honour of being one of the Its defect is a want of that familiarity with principal designers on wood; and many of diseased structures which can only be acquired the popular engravers, e.g. Thomas Bewick, in the post-mortem room. Craigie was phyLuke Clennell, Charlton Nesbit, Branston, sician to the Edinburgh Infirmary, but was Austin, Hole, Lee, worked for a commonplace more of a writer than of an observer. He 'Scripture Illustrated,' which he put forth in became the owner of the Edinburgh Medical 1806. He also made most of the drawings and Surgical Journal,' and edited his periodical for the British Gallery of Pictures,' 1808. himself. He wrote 'Elements of Anatomy, Others of his works were 'An Essay on the General, Special, and Comparative,' and in Study of Nature in drawing Landscape,' 1836 Elements of the Practice of Physic.' 1793; 'The Complete Instructor in Drawing,' He helped Thomson in his 'Life of Cullen,' 1806; 'The Sports of Love,' in six etchings and published thirty separate papers on me[1807]; 'Lectures on Drawing, Painting, and dical subjects. They remain almost unread, Engraving,' delivered at the Royal Institu- but are at least evidence of his persevering tion, 1821; and 'A Wreath for the Brow of labour through many years; his 'Morbid Youth,' a book said to have been written for Anatomy' is his best work, and deserves a the Princess Charlotte. From the second place in every large medical library. After edition of this, which is dated 1828, Craig a long period of failing health he died in must have been living in that year. He was September 1866. a mediocre illustrator; but his water-colours are skilfully finished. One of them, 'The Wounded Soldier,' is included in the William Smith gift to the South Kensington Museum. [Redgrave; Craig's Works.] A. D. CRAIGHALL, LORD (1605?-1654), Scottish judge. [See HOPE, SIR JOHN.] CRAIGIE, DAVID, M.D. (1793-1866), physician, was born near Edinburgh in June 1793, took his medical degree in the uni [Lancet, 8 Sept. 1866; Works.] N. M. CRAIGIE, ROBERT (1685-1760), judge, son of Lawrence Craigie of Kilgraston, born in 1685, became advocate 1709, lord advocate 1742, M.P. for Wick borough (1742–7), and president of the court of session 1754. He is described by Lord Woodhouslee as a lawyer of great acumen, knowledge, and industry. He died on 10 March 1700. [Brunton and Haig's Senators of the College of Justice.] J. M. R. W VOL. IV. Y y Codrington, Sir Edward (1770-1851) Coenred or Cenred (reigned 704-709) . 669 Coleman, Edward (d. 1678) 670 Coleman, Thomas (1598-1647) 745 Coetlogon, Charles Edward de (1746 ?-1820) Coffin, alias Hatton, Edward (1571-1626) Coffin, Sir Isaac (1759-1839) Coffin, Sir Isaac Campbell (1800-1872) Coffin, John Pine (1778-1830) Coffin, Robert Aston (1819-1885) Cogan, Thomas (1545 ?-1607). Cokayne, Sir Thomas (1519?-1592) Coke or Cooke, George (d. 1646) 672 Colenso, Frances Ellen (1849-1887). 672 673 Colenso, John William (1814-1888) 674 Colepeper. See also Culpeper. 675 Colepeper, John, first Lord Colepeper (d. 675 1660) 676 Colepeper, Thomas (1637-1708) 677 Colepeper, William (d. 1726) 678 678 Coleraine, Barons. See Hare, Hugh, first 679 679 680 682 Coleridge, Hartley (1796-1849) 753 754 754 756 . 756 683 684 Coleridge, James Duke (1788-1857) See under See Brandreth, Coleridge, Sara (1802-1852) . 773 |