Louth. The Birmingham Tower in Dublin Jernegan is not Danish, but an ancient Castle perpetuates their memory, and de- Breton personal name, and occurs in Yorkscendants still survive to bear their name shire, being used by the descendants of one both in Ireland and on the Continent. I of those who were brought over by Count may also point out that the name, as Dr. Alan from Brittany. Freeman observed, was as pure Saxon as could well be imagined, clearly meaning the ham, or settlement, of the ing, or tribe, of Berm. Jerningham, on the other hand, is a purely personal name, and one which, so far as I am able to judge, could never have been confused with Jennens or Jennings, meaning the son of John. As for Jennens having "founded Bir mingham," it may suffice to remark that the first Jennens settled in Birmingham in the reign of Elizabeth, and that his son became wealthy by marriage with the daughter of a rich ironmaster. The foundation in the Middle Ages of a large and beautiful church, and of a well-endowed priory; the building and endowment, at their own cost, of a new church by the people of Deritend, which is a part of Birmingham, although in a different parish; and the possession of two weekly markets and two annual fairs, are sufficient proof that the advent of the Jennens family was not the cause of the foundation of Birmingham. If further proof is needed, it will be found in the fact that in the reign of Henry VIII. Leland found Birmingham a busy manufacturing town, with Smithes, and many Lorimers that make bits, and a great many Naylors"; while fifty years later Camden describes the place as swarming with inhabitants, and echoing with the noise of Anvils," and speaks of the upper part as rising with abundance of handsome buildings. In Tudor times Birmingham is also incidentally referred to as one of the fayrest and most proffitable townes to the kinge's highness in all the Shyre. 66 6 66 many HOWARD S. PEARSON. The Canute story is "taken out of the pedigree of the Jerninghams by a judicious gentleman," which Weever ('Funeral Monuments, printed 1631) quoted with this warning: "if you will believe thus much that followeth." Now we know this is all nonsense, although it used to be printed in Burke's Peerage.' Jerningham as a family surname really was a personal name, transformed into what looks like a place-name. I cannot find any place so called. Hubert de Gernagan's name is thus written in the 'Liber Niger,' 1166: "de" must be an error for "fitz," as there are other examples of this when the name was an unfamiliar one. Spelt Gernagan, it was used alternately with Hugh for six generations by the lords of Tanfield, though the last was called Gernagot. (See Gale's 'Regist. Honoris de Richmond.') A very early instance I have noted in a Brittany charter is spelt Jarnogon. Westminster. A. S. ELLIS. COLKITTO AND GALASP (11 S. v. 104, 195). -When we are told that Scott " ought at least to have remembered" that Archibald Marquis of Argyll, had the nickname 'Gillespick Gruamach," we are no doubt intended to infer that he had forgotten the fact. The matter is easily settled by a reference to A Legend of Montrose,' chap. vii., which contains this passage : "That statesman, indeed, though possessed of considerable abilities, and great power, had failings which rendered him unpopular among the Highland Chiefs. The devotion which he professed was of a morose and fanatical character; chiefs complained of his want of bounty and his ambition appeared to be insatiable, and inferior liberality. Add to this that, although a Highlander and of a family distinguished for valour before and since, Gillespie Grumach, ill-favoured (which, from an obliquity in his eyes, was the personal distinction he bore in the Highlands, where titles of rank are unknown), was suspected of being a better man in the cabinet than in the field." Scott was not likely to have forgotten that he had written this estimate when he introduced young Colkitto in the next chapter of the novel, and discussed him in reference to Milton's sonnet in chap. xv. Apparently, moreover, it never occurred to him that the Marquis might possibly be Milton's "Galasp," although the poet was more likely to hear of him than of Colkitto in terms that might have suggested the name. Chambers and Prof. Masson may be right in saying that the latter was sometimes known by an ancestral designationand it is not for a Lowlander to dogmatize on the point-but there is the very barest likelihood that Milton ever heard of this genealogical usage or that he knew more of Macdonald than the name by which, according to Chambers, he has been generally known in history." On the other hand, he knew George Gillespie as one of the new forcers of conscience" at the Westminster Assembly, and being, as it now appears, in need of a rime to gasp," he 66 66 utilized in Scott's view the name of this 66 THE FITZWILLIAM FAMILY (11 S. v. 164).— The important evidence" adduced by L. M. R. seems to consist of a family tradition and pedigree, and the unsupported assertions of a French writer of the seven-, teenth century and later English authors. But he presents an interesting variant of the ordinary legend. 1170, or the mythical Godric whose grandson If it be seriously desired to identify Geoffrey de Bec with Geoffrey the Marshal, the test lies in the descent of their estates, i.e., if in the next generation both properties are found to be vested in the same heir, there would be a presumption of identity. According to the more usual version the family sprang from a William fitz Godric, If we have only the unsupported assertion who, in spite of his foreign name, was an of Venasque that Gilbert Crispin, Lord of Englishman, and cousin to Edward the Bec, was Marshal in 1041, we may class the Confessor. His son William (II.), am- appointment with the important posts bassador to the Duke of Normandy, turned conferred by pedigree-makers on companions traitor and fought for the Conqueror at of the Conqueror. As to the suggestion that Hastings. His son William (III.) m. Eleanor, Geoffrey de Bec went in Gilbert's place in dau. and h, of Sir John Elmley of Sprot- 1066, it may be pointed out that, according borough, thus bringing that Yorkshire to Wace, William Crespin or Crispin, who estate into the family. Their son William is usually supposed to have been Gilbert's (IV.) sealed a grant with an armorial seal son, fought at Hastings; but of course at the pre-heraldic date of 1117. His son Wace, writing a century later, was liable to William (V.) m. Ella, dau. and coh. of mistakes. William de Warenne, Earl of Surrey, by whom he was father of William (VI.). This wonderful pedigree was shattered by Hunter in 1828, Freeman in 1877, and Round in 1901 (cp. 11 S. iii. 215). It was proved that the first five Williams had no existence; that the same was true of the alleged Elmley and Warenne heiresses; that the real founder of the family was William (VI.); that his father's name was not William, but Godric; that this William fitz Godric obtained the Sprotborough estates by his marriage with a great heiress, Aubreye de Lizours, about 1170; and that the armorial seal belonged to their son William, the alleged date being a century wrong. In the version adopted by L. M. R. the legendary William (I.) fitz Godric and his son William (II.), the traitor, disappear, and the latter is replaced at Hastings by a Norman, Geoffrey de Bec, who, however, takes over the coveted cousinship to the Confessor. (Geoffrey is said to have been a son of Rou, a younger son of Crispin, Lord of Bec, but I do not know if there is any proof of this.) Geoffrey de Bec is then identified with a namesake, Geoffrey the Marshal. This composite Geoffrey, who was old enough in 1066 to fight at Hastings, and was living in 1086, is then made a Fitzwilliam ancestor by identifying him with a Godric; but L. M. R. does not make it clear whether this is the real Godric whose son married about For the parentage of Turstin fitz Rou we Mr. have only contradictory assertions: Grimaldi says that his father Rou was a younger son of Crispin, Lord of Bec, whilst M. Le Prévost says that he had no connexion with that family. In the complete absence of proof it would seem to be a fair case for tossing up! G. H. WHITE. St. Cross, Harleston, Norfolk. I think L. M. R. will find that there could not have been any connexion between the families of Fitzwilliam and Crispin in the way he suggests; and as for the Grimaldis, it is obvious fiction. The lozengy coat of arms did the mischief in this case, and one may only wonder the Norman Harcourts were not included, for they bore the same arms. Anyhow, there can be no doubt whatever about the English origin of the great Yorkof Fitzwilliam, nor about shire family Godric's name, Chetelbert. nor his father's name In 1131 Godric fitz Chetelbert, who had been fined 4 marks of silver, paid to the Sheriff of Yorkshire on account 20 shillings, no doubt all he could scrape together. Godric fitz Ketelburn gave ironstone at Emley and fuel out of the wood there (for smelting on the spot) to the monks of Byland, confirmed by William fitz William, the donor's grandson (Burton's Mon. Ebor.,' p. 332). Emley was the ancient Stengel's book contains no fewer than 625items in all, between the years 1400 and 1800, 4 of which belong to the fifteenth century, 38 to the sixteenth, 187 to the seventeenth: a huge mass of material, it must be admitted, but still probably capable of further enlargement. Philologists would welcome information concerning any French grammars not recorded by Stengel, especially such asappeared before 1700. F. J. CURTIS. Frankfurt-am-Main. patrimony of the Fitzwilliams, and was im XVII. Jahrhundert,' in 'Bausteine zur within the bounds of King Edward the Con- romanischen Philologie,' Halle, Niemeyer, fessor's great domain of Wakefield before 1905. the Conquest, but the landholders therein are not named in Domesday Book. It was in all probability Godric's father "Chetelber who was holding a manor in Worsborough of Ilbert de Laci in 1086 (Domesday Book), presumed to be Rockley in that parish, which we find afterwards in the possession of Robert, a younger son of William fitz Godric (see Hunter's S. Yorks.,' ii. 283). Ketelbert, as I wrote in Yorks Archæol. Journal (vii. 128), was probably a son of an elder Godric, who had been a great landholder hereabouts in the days of Edward the Confessor. So if any one of this family had been that king's cousin, it would have been the elder Godric. A. S. ELLIS. Westminster. WHITTINGTON AND HIS CAT (11 S. iv. 503, 522; v. 75, 274).-The Luh-tu-tsih-king,' a collection of Buddhist birth stories rendered into Chinese by the Indian missionary Kang-tsang-hwui (d. A.D. 280), has AUTHOR OF QUOTATION WANTED (11 S. of the life of the Rat-Money-Broker, given the following tale-a much-simplified variant v. 209). Sed quæ est ista quæso, fratres mei carissimi, tam pretiosa Margarita, pro qua universa dare debemus, &c. ... Nonne hæc religio sancta, pura et immaculata, in qua homo vivit purius, cadit rarius, surgit velocius, incedit cautius, irroratur frequentius, quiescit securius, moritur fiducius, purgatur citius, præmiatur copiosius."Homily on S. Matt. xiii. Simile est regnum.' Cf. St. Bernard, Benedictine ed., Paris, 1690, vol. ii. 770; St. Bernard, Gaume ed., Paris, 1839, vol. v. 1536; St. Bernard, Patr. Lat., Migne ed., Paris, 1862, vol. clxxxiv. 1131. It will be seen that the words found in the editions quoted differ slightly from those given by MR. LANE COOPER, and it will be noticed that while the Homily is included among the works of St. Bernard, in each edition is this note: "Tribuitur communiter Bernardo, quamquam nec illius esse videatur. Deest apud Horstium." S.T.P. v. FRENCH GRAMMARS BEFORE 1750 (11 S. 110, 216).-Your correspondent will find a full account of early French grammars in Thurot's 'De la Prononciation Française depuis le Commencement du XVIe Siècle, d'après les Témoignages des Grammairiens,' Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, 2 vols., 1881, and a still more complete list in Stengel's Chronologisches Verzeichnis französischer Grammatiken vom Ende des 14. bis zum Ausgange des 18. Jahrhunderts nebst Angabe der bish r ermittelten Fundorte derselben,' Oppeln, Eugen Franck's Buchhandlung, 1890. Some few additional grammars have been variously noted more recently, e.g., by Luick, Zur Aussprache des Französischen by me at 11 S. iv. 504, from another Buddhist work translated some four centuries later : "In years remotely gone by, there lived a matchless millionaire, to whom all people used to betake themselves for relief, as he was universally known for his unbounded liberality. Now a son of his friend came to lose all his money through dissoluteness. Full of pity, the millionaire gave the youth one thousand pieces of gold as a means to reassume his position in society. But the youth persisted in his misconduct and extravagance; five times his benefactor gave him the the youth came in for help for the sixth time, the same sum, and as many times he lost it. When millionaire pointed at a rat's carcass that lay on a dunghill beyond the gate, and remarked that a sagacious man could put himself in the way of prosperity even with that dead rat as his only outside who overheard his words and was strongly funds. It happened that there was a beggar persuaded it was so. He picked up the rat, roasted it with a good seasoning, and sold it for twopence. With this trifling money he began to deal in vegetables, and became opulent eventually. One day at his leisurely ease, he bethought himself of the origination of his own wealth and comfort in the millionaire's wise saying, and deemed it fit to tender him a ceremonious thanksgiving. So he caused a silver stand to be made, put on it with numerous jewels, and adorned the set with a rat wrought in gold, whose inside was stuffed chaplets of sumptuous gems. He took them, together with a legion of dainties, to the mil lionaire's house, and presented them as a token of his endless gratitude. The recipient was and made him his heir, for he considered him as exceedingly glad, wedded him to his daughter, a very model of human sagaciousness," Tom. iii. fol. 13-14 of the Japanese Oobaku reprint, issued in the seventeenth century. through the bow-strings of an invading short, and been weakened to e long before enemy, I shall note that such an incident umlaut became regular. is recorded in the Japanese Adzuma Forms of place-names in -inium are very Kagami,' or the Annals of the Kamakura rare. "Corini-um was reduced through Government,' finished about 1266. Under 25 Aug., 1180, therein, we read : "Last evening the united bands of Matano and Tachibana, with the intention of assaulting the Minamoto clan of the province of Kai, stationed themselves at the northern foot of Mount Fuji. During the night rats entered their camp and bit off all the strings of more than a hundred bows of Matano's soldiers, which made them unable to fight, when the enemy attacked and routed them completely." This simple, matter-of-fact registry precludes every idea of the disaster being associated with a supernatural intervention. KUMAGUSU MINAKATA. Tanabe, Kii, Japan. 66 LONDRES: LONDINIUM (11 S. v. 129, 191). -Auguste Brachet derived Londres from an imaginary word Londinum (I. i. § 2). Subsequent writers have corrected this inaccuracy, but they have retained the erroneous result. We may be quite certain that Brachet would not have affiliated Londres" to Londinium. Latin -ni- regularly becomes -gn- in French when followed by a vowel: e.g., Dinia, Alvernia, Bononia, Colonia (Agrippina), became Digne, Auvergne, Boulogne, Cologne. Some of these instances are given by Brachet (u.s.). To them may be added a great number of placenames in -iniacum: e.g., from Albinus, Martinus, Sabinus, were formed Albiniacum, Martiniacum, Sabiniacum. These names are now represented by Aubigny, Martigny, Savigny. Consequently, if "Londinium had been passed on by the Gallo-Romans to the Franks, it would now be *Londigne. On the other hand, if the Franks of the seventh century had taken over the ecclesiastical Latin form "Lundōnia," the French for London would be *Londogne. The Latin name Londinium was necessarily adopted by those Vandals, Burgundians, and Alamans who were settled in the Britannias by the Emperors Probus and Constantius Chlorus in the third and fourth centuries. By the time Ammianus Marcellinus was writing (c. 375) the correct form was contaminated by folk-speech, and had become "Lundinium on occasion. This substitution of u for Latin o is regular in O.E. borrowings from Latin: cf. "munt," 'punt," ," "pund"; montem, pontem, pondo. We might expect to find that u had become y by i-infection; but the i of Londinium had, no doubt, lost the accent, had become *Curini-, *Cyrini-, and *Cyrěně- to Cyrn(ceaster). Similarly, as to its ending, Londinium postulates an O.E. *Lúnděně. Now Londene actually occurs in one MS. of the Historia Brittonum,' wherein, in the Welsh List of the Cities of Britain, it was purposely substituted for the Old-Welsh "Cair Londein." This particular MS. (Paris, No. 11,108, scr. xii. soc.) belongs to a family which dates from annus quintus Eadmundi regis Anglorum," i.e., A.D. 945. 66 It does The O.E. ending -ene in Latin loan-words has three ancestors, namely, -ina, -ini-, and -ōni-. "Lindum Colonia became Lindcolene-ceaster in King Alfred's version of Bede; and "Bononia" appears as "Bunnan" (acc.) in the Winchester Saxon Chronicle.' Bononia and Bunne is *Búněně. The hypothetical form intermediate between not occur, but I believe that it is to a knowledge of it that we are indebted for the ecclesiastical Latin Lundonia. St. Augustine 23 Bunene probably heard talk about and 26 Lundene." He soon came to know that 66 Bunene of which was Bononia, and he may well have meant that port the Latin name been actuated by that to latinize Lundene as Lundonia, when writing to Pope Gregory the Great. In any case Lundonia appears first in Gregory's letter to Augustine, written on 22 June, 601; v. Bede, H.E.,' I. xxix. p. 64. ALFRED ANSCOMBE. 66 FAMILIES: DURATION IN MALE LINE (11 S. v. 27, 92, 132, 174, 213).-In a recent review of Folk - Rhymes of Devon,' by William Crossing, The Guardian stated that, "of the murderers of Thomas Becket, Sir William de Tracey was a Devonshire owner of large estates. All the Traceys have the wind in their faces' runs the folk-rhyme, signifying that they had never any luck after that act of violence. Tradition will have it that Sir William died, tearing his flesh off his bones with his teeth and nails, on his way to the Holy Land. murder De Tracy was justiciary in Normandy and As a matter of fact, within four years of the was present at Falaise in 1174, when William, King of Scotland, did homage to Henry II. present Lord Wemyss and Lord Sudeley are his lineal descendants, as Dean Stanley has pointed out. The pedigree, contrary to all received opinions on the subject of judgments on sacrilege, exhibits the very singular instance of an estate descending for upwards of seven hundred years in the male line of the same family." The I should be glad to learn where Dean Stanley made the statements here alluded to. Was not the present Lord Sudeley's grandfather Sir Charles Hanbury, who married a Miss Tracy of Stanway, and took the name of Hanbury-Tracy? Sudeley Castle, near Winchcombe, is now the property of Mr. H. Dent Brocklehurst; and Toddington, formerly the seat of Lord Sudeley, in the same neighbourhood, belongs to Mr. Hugh Andrews. Lord Wemyss still owns Stanway House, within a few miles of both Toddington and Sudeley Castle. Are the statements in the above quotation, so far as they refer to Lord Wemyss and Lord Sudeley, correct? F. O. A. PITT'S LETTER ON SUPERSTITION' (11 S. v. 205).-MR. B. WILLIAMS's conjecture as to the authorship of this Letter' is confirmed by a passage in Eustace Budgell's Bee for February, 1733, which is printed in the Catalogue of the Hope Collection of Newspapers, &c., in the Bodleian Library,' 1865, p. 45: "The London Journal first gained reputation by containing Cato's Letters [on the South Sea scheme] in the fatal year 1720....The person who writes at present, and has assumed the name of Osborne, is Mr. P-t. This gentleman, not long ago, kept a school in the country, and had a small place in the Revenue, but about two years since a better post given him in the Custom House by Sir Robert Walpole. As to his principles in religion, he appears to be a Deist, and a zealous admirer of the writings of the late Lord Shaftesbury; he has read a good deal of Morality, and some of his papers upon moral subjects, to which he has subscribed the name of Socrates, have been well written." told they were engaged, I was unwilling to demand a trifle at the expense of thanking a man who does not desire to oblige me; indeed, since the ministry of Mr. Pitt, he is so desirous to signalise his zeal for the contrary faction, he is perpetually saying ridiculous things to manifest his attachment; and, as he looks upon me (nobody knows why) to be the friend of a man I never saw, he has not visited me once this winter. The misfortune is not great."-II. 325. Venice, 21 Feb., 1758 (?). "I am surprised I am not oftener low-spirited, considering the vexations I am exposed to by the folly of Murray. I suppose he attributes to me some of the marks of contempt he is treated with; without remembering that he was in no higher esteem before I came." [She also alludes bitingly to the marriage of Murray's sister to Joseph Smith, Esq., "who is only eighty-two," Consul at Venice.-II. 327, 329. 13 May (1758). He is mentioned (by implication) as vexing Lady Mary "by the misbehaviour of a fool (9 May, 1760; ii. 389), on which she desires not his ruin, but much less that he should 66 66 be preferred"; and on 20 Nov., 1761 (Rotterdam, ii. 396), as that excellent politician and truly great man, M. and his ministry." A. FRANCIS STEUART. CARLYLE'S SARTOR RESARTUS' (11 S. v. 209)." Kings sweated down into Berlinand-Milan Custom House officers " refers to the condition of obedience to which Napoleon reduced the monarchs of Europe, compelling them to enforce against British commerce his decrees rendering it contraband; these decrees, on account of the towns from which he issued them, were always known, and are still known, in history as the "Berlin and Milan decrees." The refusal of the Czar to enforce them to Napoleon's satisfaction led to the Russian campaign of 1812, G. M. TREVELYAN, SIR PHILIP FRANCIS'S DESCENDANTS (11 S. v. 188).-The following book was published by Messrs. Longmans & Co. in 1894: "Junius Revealed. By his Surviving Grandson, H. R. Francis, M.A., formerly Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge." Mr. H. R. Francis died 10 June, 1900, and a search at Somerset House might be advisable. read Ebdon. WM. H. PEET. "To say truth, I am very uneasy, knowing nobody here I can confide in, General Graham ORGANISTS AND LONGEVITY (11 S. v. 206). being gone for a long time, and the British-For "p. 123" read p. 213, and for "Ebden minister here [John Murray] such a scandalous Dr. Armes died 10 Feb., fellow, in every sense of that word, he is not to be trusted to change a sequin, despised by this 1908, aged 71, and was succeeded by the Government for his smuggling, which was his Rev. A. D. Culley, Minor Canon and Preoriginal profession, and always surrounded with centor. pimps and brokers, who are his privy councillors." ists from 1557 For particulars of Durham organsee 'Rites of Durham II. 316. Venice, 30 May (1757). (Surtees ed., 1903), 161-3, 231, 297–9. "Our resident has not the good breeding to send them [the public papers] to me; and after having asked for them once or twice, and being Durham. J. T. F. |