The Under-estimation of Urban Poverty in Low and Middle-income Nations

adjusted Africa allowance for non-food avoid poverty Bangladesh basic services calories Cameroon cities consumption Côte d'Ivoire Dar es Salaam defined and measured Development Dhaka Diana Mitlin Earthscan Publications Environment and Urbanization extreme poverty line food poverty line Ghana Hardoy income needed individual or household infrastructure and services instance international agencies Karachi Kenya Kumasi London low-income groups low-income households Malawi measuring poverty middle-income nations minimum food basket Mitlin and Satterthwaite Mozambique Mumbai Nairobi non-food essentials non-food items non-food needs Orangi Pilot Project percent piped water poor households poverty line based poverty line incomes Poverty Reduction Strategy Programme proportion provision for water Republic of 2002 rural and urban rural areas Satterthwaite setting poverty lines spend on non-food Tanzania upper poverty line urban areas urban centres urban dwellers urban households urban poor groups urban population urban poverty Washington DC water and sanitation World Bank Zambia Zimbabwe