CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION. Nature of the social forces and mode of controlling them. - The present PART I. SUBJECTIVE FACTORS. CHAPTER I. TWO KINDS OF PHILOSOPHY. - Cosmology and psychology. - Leading cosmologies. Metaphysical the basis of sociology. Modern psychology as CHAPTER II. THE DUAL NATURE OF MIND. - The most difficult problems the first to be attacked. — Laws of thought - Will and soul. — Epistemology. — Descartes, Indifferent sensation. Perception. Subjective and objective psy- - Deals with sensations and their combinations. — Intensive sensations. — - Elaboration of perceptions. — Conception. — Judgment. — The Pla- tonic idea. - Generalization. Reason. Memory and imagination. — The creative faculty.— The primary intellectual process, intuition. - The motor apparatus of the nervous system. - Only responds to intensive The mission of science to dispel mystery. The origin of evil. — Pleas- Pleasure and pain the conditions to existence. Primary sensations intensive. Sense of feeling a means of warning. - Pain protective. Purpose of pleasure. Pleasure and pain not oppo- sites. Each has its specialized nervous apparatus. - Both positive. — Nature has no concern for either. Pleasure means life; pain, death.- Always made capable of pleasure and pain. - Defined as the feelings taken collectively. Restraints to motor action. - Desire presupposes memory. Man a theater of desires. The word used in a generic sense. The various manifestations of desire. — Want. — Love. — Higher cravings. — Various affections. Conation. - Desire a form of pain. — Love is pain. - Desire always seeks satisfaction. Satisfaction is termination. Corollaries. Desires the mainsprings of all action. -They are the mind forces.— Physics vs. psychics. The psychic force a form of the universal force. How desire differs from other pains. Presentative and representative pleasures. - Pleasure consists in the satisfaction of desire. - Desire com- pared to itching. - Consequences of satisfying desire. - Claims of pessi- Schopenhauer's two philosophical heresies. Do not follow from his two fundamental principles. His pessimism. His will. - Equivalent to desire. so far as these deal with the psychological aspect they either accept these principles and build upon them, or else they lay down new ones. In Outlines of Sociology these principles are used as postulates in Chapters V and VII, while considerable advance is made upon them in Chapter VIII. In Pure Sociology and Applied Sociology they form the solid basis upon which is constructed a complete system of sociology, but naturally in working out that system much has been done in the direction. of amplifying and expanding the psychological conceptions that underlie both spontaneous social evolution and conscious social improvement. This work is therefore to be regarded as one of the stepsthe second taken by the writer-in the natural development of a system of social philosophy, and any extended revision or material alteration of it would throw it out of its natural position in that system and deprive it of its historical value as a phase in the normal growth both of the system and of the mind that conceived it. WASHINGTON, February 20, 1906. L. F. W. PREFACE. What is writ is writ Would it were worthier! BYRON. J'ay seulement faict icy un amas de fleurs estrangieres, n'y ayant fourny du mien que le filet à les lier. - MONTAIGNE: De la Physionomie, p. 47. I have sought in this book to set forth two aspects of mind -its cause and its use. since its use is its cause. But these two are really but one, I Since I put the finishing strokes, ten years ago, upon a system of social science which I called Dynamic Sociology my mind at least, if not my pen, has been at work along two lines suggested by the recognized imperfection of that scheme. have been prompted, on the one hand, to build the superstructure higher, and on the other, to lay the foundations deeper. In the first of these directions I have not only been impelled by my own inward sense, but I have been quite strongly urged by others who thought it was my duty to make a direct application of the principles of dynamic sociology to the living issues of the times, and who believed it better that this be done by one who had them in his grasp than left to others who might never fully feel their true significance. In the opposite direction, that of strengthening the foundations, the pressure has been entirely from within, and yet it is to this that I have yielded, partly because it was much stronger, and partly because I realized that it properly belonged to me to do, while the other more properly belongs to that trained army of social economists, now so rapidly increasing, who are studying and teaching by the inductive method. |