iii. 5. 131:

So As You Like It

And, now I am remember'd, scorn'd at me.'

24. a flout, a mocking jest. Compare Love's Labour's Lost, v. 2. 854: The world's large tongue

Proclaims you for a man replete with mocks,

Full of comparisons and wounding flouts.'

28. Richard was born, as the fame ranne, not vntothed' (Hall's Chronicle, Edward V, p. 343). See also 3 Henry VI, v. 6. 75:

'The midwife wonder'd, and the women cried

"O, Jesus bless us, he is born with teeth!

35. parlous, dangerous, mischievous; a corruption of 'perilous.' In iii. 1. 154 most of the old copies read 'perilous' or 'perillous.' See As You Like It, iii. 2. 45: Thou art in a parlous state, shepherd.'

Ib. shrewd, sharp-tongued; literally, mischievous. See note on Midsummer Night's Dream, iii. 2. 323, and compare The Taming of the Shrew, i. 1. 185:

'Her eldest sister is so curst and shrewd';

that is, she was ill-tempered and a scold.

36. Good madam, &c. The folios give this speech to the Duchess.

37. Pitchers have ears, a common proverb, quoted again in The Taming of the Shrew, iv. 4. 52. The full form is usually 'Little pitchers have large ears,' to which is sometimes added and wide mouths.'

42. Lord Rivers and Lord Grey, &c. The duke of Gloucester sent yo lorde Ryuers, the lord Richard and Sir Thomas Vaugham, and sir Richarde Hawte into the Northparties into diuerse prisons, but at last, al came to Poumfret where they all foure were beheaded without iudgement.' (Hall's Chronicle, Edward V, p. 350.)

45. Gloucester and Buckingham. At the time of the king's death Buckingham was on the Welsh Marches and Richard at York. They met at Northampton, each with a strong body of horse, on the day that the young king left for Stony Stratford. See Hall, Edward V, pp. 347-350.

51. to jet is commonly to strut, to walk proudly, to throw the body about in an affected manner; and hence it has been supposed to have in this passage the secondary sense of to be ostentatious. But 'jet' and 'jut,' which represents the reading of the folios, are the same in origin, and signify to stick out, project, and so, to encroach upon. So Cotgrave interprets the French Iettée, a iettie or iuttie, a bearing out or leaning ouer in buildings.' Compare Titus Andronicus, ii. 1. 64:

Think you not how dangerous
It is to jet upon a prince's right?'

And again in the old play of Sir Thomas More (Shakespeare Society), P. 2: It is hard when Englishmens pacience must be thus jetted on by straungers.'

52. aweless, inspiring no awe or reverence.

59. to joy and weep their gain and loss, to rejoice in their gain and weep for their loss. For this kind of distribution compare ii. 3. 15, and Macbeth,

i. 3. 60, 61:

'Speak then to me, who neither beg nor fear

Your favours nor your hate.'

62, 63. blood... self. The folios have

Brother to Brother;

Blood to blood, selfe against selfe.'

65. death. The folios read earth.' See Preface, p. lx.

66. will to sanctuary. See i. I. 107. According to the history the Archbishop's interview with the Queen was not till after the latter had taken refuge in the Sanctuary. When the news reached her that the King was in the hands of the Duke of Gloucester, and that her brother and son were arrested, says Sir Thomas More, she gate her selfe in al the haste possible with her yonger sonne and her doughters out of the Palyce of Westminster in whiche shee then laye, into the Sainctuarye, lodginge her selfe and her coumpanye there in the Abbotes place.' The Archbishop came to Westminster before daybreak, and the scene he there witnessed is admirably described by More. Hee tooke the greate Seale with him, and came yet beefore daye vnto the Queene. Aboute whome he found muche heauinesse, rumble, haste and businesse, carriage and conueyaunce of her stuffe into Sainctuary, chestes, coffers, packes, fardelles, trusses, all on mennes backes, no manne vnoccupyed, somme lading, somme goynge, some descharging, somme commynge for more, somme breakinge downe the walles to bringe in the nexte waye, and somme yet drewe to them that holpe to carrye a wronge waye. The Quene her self satte alone alowe on the rishes all desolate and dismayde.' (More, Workes, p. 43.) The Dean of Westminster suggests (History of Westminster Abbey, p. 368) that after the interview she withdrew into the fortress of the Sanctuary itself.

70. And here is the great Seale, whiche in like wise as that noble prince your housebande deliuered it vnto me, so here I deliuer it vnto you, to the vse and behoofe of youre sonne, and therewith hee betooke her the greate Seale, and departed home agayne, yet in the dauninge of the daye.' (More, P. 43.)

ACT III.

Scene I.

The Lord Mayor met the young king at Hornsey Park, on Sunday 4 May, 1483.

1. to your chamber. Compare Buckingham's speech to the citizens as reported by More (p. 63): this noble citye, as his special chamber.' According to Camden (Britannia, p. 427, trans. Holland, ed. 1637), London acquired this title soon after the Conquest. See Ben Jonson, Part of King James's Entertainment, in passing to his coronation.

2. cousin. See note on ii. 2. 8.

9. distinguish of a man. Compare Hamlet, iii. 2. 69:

'Since my dear soul was mistress of her choice
And could of men distinguish.'

10. God he knows. See 1, 26. The pronoun is redundant, as in Joshua xxii. 22: The Lord God of Gods, the Lord God of Gods, he knoweth, and Israel he shall know.'

11. jumpeth, agreeth, accordeth. So I Henry IV, i. 2. 78: And in some sort it jumps with my humour as well as waiting in the court.'

13. sugar'd words. See i. 3. 242, 1 Henry VI, iii. 3. 18, and 3 Henry VI, iii. 2. 45. Mr. Rushton (Notes and Queries, 4th series, x. 369) compares

Spenser, Faery Queen, iii. 6. 25:

'So her she soone appeasd

With sugred words and gentle blandishment.'

22. a slug. Compare Comedy of Errors, ii. 2. 196:

'Dromio, thou drone, thou snail, thou slug, thou sot.'

30. perforce. See i. 1. 116.

31. peevish. See i. 3. 194.

32. Lord cardinal. Thomas Bourchier, or Bouchier, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1454 to 1486. He was made Cardinal in 1464 by Pope Paul II, but did not assume the title till the following year (Hook, Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury, v. 345). In Holinshed (p. 717, col. 1) it is Richard and not Buckingham who suggests that the Cardinal should take upon him the office of persuading the queen to give up her son. 'Wherefore me thinketh it were not worst to send vnto the queene, for the redresse of this matter, some honorable trustie man, such as both tendereth the kings weale and the honour of his councell, and is also in fauour and credence with her. For all which considerations, none seemeth more meetlie, than our reuerend father here present, my lord cardinall, who may in this matter doo most good of anie man, if it please him to take the paine. In More's narrative, which Holinshed copies, it is left uncertain who the

'Lord Cardinal' is, and in the sequel we find that the Archbishop of York undertakes the mission. But in the corresponding passage of Hall's Chronicle the Cardinal is expressly identified as the Archbishop of Canter bury, who 'tooke vpon hym to moue her, and therto to do his vttermooste endeuoure. Howbeit yf she coulde in no wise be intreated with her good wyll to delyuer hym, then thought he and such of the spiritualtie as wer present, that it were not in any wyse too bee attempted to take hym out againste her wyll, for it woulde be a thynge that should turne to the grudge of all men and high displeasure of God, yf the pryuilege of that place should be broken... and therefore quod the Archebishop, God forbid that any manne shoulde for any yearthely enterprise breake the immunite and libertie of that sacred sanctuary.' (Hall's Chronicle, Edward V, p. 352.) 39. Anon. Steevens would omit this word.

44. Buckingham's speech is almost literally from Holinshed (p. 718): I haue often heard of sanctuarie men, but I neuer heard earst of sanctuarie children. And therefore, as for the conclusion of my mind, who so maie haue deserued to need it, if they thinke it for their suertie, let them keepe it. But he can be no sanctuarie man, that neither hath wisdome to desire it, nor malice to deserue it; whose life or libertie can by no lawfull processe stand in ieopardie. And he that taketh one out of sanctuarie to doo him good, I saie plainlie, that he breaketh no sanctuarie.'

Ib. senseless-obstinate, unreasonably obstinate.

46. Weigh it but with the grossness of this age. Johnson explains, 'compare the act of seizing him with the gross and licentious practices of these times, it will not be considered as a violation of sanctuary, for you may give such reasons as men are now used to admit.' He here in reality gives two interpretations, which turn upon the different meanings of which the expression weigh with' is capable: weigh this act against the violent practices of these times, and so, compare it with them; or, weigh it as such actions are weighed in this gross age, and so, estimate it by that standard. Mr. Grant White understands by grossness' the gross judgement, the blunted perception of this age. See note on gross,' iii. 6. 10.

63. it seems. So the first and second quartos. The rest have 'thinkst,' and the folios 'think'st.' Sidney Walker conjectured 'thinks.' See note on Hamlet, v. 2. 63 (Clarendon Press ed.).

66. and shall be thought, that is, and where it shall be thought &c. 68. of any place, of all places I dislike the Tower most. For the construction compare Macbeth, v. 8. 4:

'Of all men else I have avoided thee';

and 2 Henry VI, i. 3. 167:

'That York is most unmeet of any man,'

which might have been expressed by 'more unmeet than any man, ΟΙ 'most unmeet of all men.' See also the quotation from Holinshed given

above in note on 1. 32: 'who may in this matter doo most good of anie man.'

69. Julius Cæsar. See Richard II, v. 1. 2:

This is the way

To Julius Cæsar's ili-erected tower.'

Iohn Lydgate, Iohn Rouse and others write, that Iulius Cæsar builded in this lande the Castels of Douer, of Canturburie, Rochester and the Towre of London, the Castell and towne of Cæsars Burie, taking his name after Cæsar, the which is now called Salisburie.' (Stow's Chronicles, ed. 1580, p. 34.) 71. re-edified, rebuilt. This word only occurs again in Titus Andronicus, i. I. 351:

This monument five hundred years hath stood,

Which I have sumptuously re-edified.'

Compare Spenser, Faery Queen, ii. 10. 46:

The ruin'd wals he did reædifye
Of Troynovant.'

'Edify' was formerly used not unfrequently in its literal sense as equivalent to build.' So we find it in Spenser's archaic language (Faery Queen,

i. I. 34):

'A litle wyde

There was an holy chappell edifyde.'

72. record, with the accent on the last syllable, as in iv. 4. 28, v. 3. 335, and Hamlet, i. 5. 99:

'I'll wipe away all trivial fond records.'

Ib. or else. 'Else' is redundant, as in The Taming of the Shrew, iv. 5. 71:

But is this true? or is it else your pleasure,

Like pleasant travellers, to break a jest

Upon the company you overtake?'

See also Genesis xlii. 16: Or else by the life of Pharaoh surely ye are spies.' 77. retailed, related, reported. See iv. 4. 335, and 2 Henry IV, i. 1. 32:

And he is furnish'd with no certainties

More than he haply may retail from me.'

79. So wise, so young, they say, do never live long. This sentiment is attributed by Pliny to Cato the Censor. For Cato that famous Censor, writing to his sonne as touching this argument, hath delivered, as it were out of an Oracle, that there is an observation of death to be collected even in them that are in perfect health. For (saith hee) youth resembling age, is an undoubted signe of untimely death, or short life.' (Nat. Hist. vii. 51, Holland's trans.)

81. characters has the accent on the second syllable only in this passage in Shakespeare. In Hamlet, i. 3. 59, the verb has the same accent: