Elements of Mental Philosophy: Embracing the Two Departments of the Intellect and the Sensibilities, Volume 1

Thomas Cogswell Upham

Harper & Brothers, 1852

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Section INTRODUCTION CHAP I PRIMARY TRuths 1 Importance of preliminary statements in Mental Philosophy 2 Nature of such preliminary stat...	17

Of the name or designation given them	18

Primary truth of personal existence Page	19

Occasions of the origin of the idea or belief of personal existence	20

Primary truth of personal identity	21

Reasons for regarding this a preliminary truth 8 There are original and authoritative grounds of belief	24

Primary truths having relation to the reasoning power	25

No beginning or change of existence without a cause 11 Occasions of the origin of the primary truth of effects and causes	26

Further illustrations of somnambulism	216

Meaning of association and illustrations	217

Of the general laws of association	218

DIVISION FIRST THE INTELLECT OR UNDERSTANDING INTELLECTIVE OR INTELLECTUAL STATES OF THE MIND PART SECOND TH...	219

Resemblance in every particular not necessary	220

INTERNAL ORIGIN OF KNOWLEDGE Section Page 169 The soul has fountains of knowledge within	221

Declaration of Locke that the soul has knowledge in itself	222

Opinions of Cudworth on the subject of internal knowledge	223

Matter and mind have uniform and fixed laws	27

This primary truth not founded on reasoning	28

IMMATERIALITY OF THE MIND 14 On the meaning of the terms material and immaterial	30

Difference between mind and matter shown from language 16 Their different nature shown by their respective properties 17 The souls immateriality ...	31

Connexion of the mind with the material world	36

Of the origin or beginnings of knowledge	37

Our first knowledge in general of a material or external origin	38

Further proof of the beginnings of knowledge from external causes	39

The same subject further illustrated	40

LAWS OF BELIEF 24 Of belief its degrees and its sources 41 25 Of suggestion consciousness and the senses as grounds of belief	41

Memory and testimony considered as sources of belief	42

Of connatural or innate knowledge	43

Objection to reliance on testimony	44

Of relative suggestion as a ground of belief	45

Of reasoning as a ground or law of belief	46

GENERAL CLASSIFICATION 30 The mind may be regarded in a threefold point of view	47

Evidence of the general arrangement from consciousness	48

Evidence of the same from the terms found in different languages 33 Evidence from incidental remarks in writers	50

Further proof from various writers on the mind	53

Classification of the intellectual states of the mind	55

Page 59	60

Origin of the notion of extension and of form and figure	71

On the sensations of heat and cold	72

On the sensation of hardness and softness	73

47	74

SENSATION AND PERCEPTION 48 Sensation a simple mental state originating in the senses 49 All sensation is properly and truly in the mind	76

50	78

The connexion between the mental and physical change not sus ceptible of explanation 52 Of the meaning and nature of perception 53 Of the primar...	80

53	81

Nature and importance of the senses as a source of knowledge	84

Of the connexion of the brain with sensation and perception	85

Order in which the senses are to be considered	86

Of the sense and sensation of smell 60 Of perceptions of smell in distinction from sensations 61 Of the sense and sensation of taste	87

Design and uses of the senses of smell and taste	89

THE SENSE OF HEARING 63 Organ of the sense of hearing	90

Nature of sonorous bodies and the medium of the communication of sound	91

Varieties of the sensation of sound	92

Manner in which we learn the place of sounds	93

Application of these views to the art of ventriloquism	94

Uses of hearing and its connexion with oral language	96

THE SENSE OF TOUCH 69 Of the sense of touch and its sensations in general	97

Idea of externality suggested in connexion with the touch	98

Page	99

Of certain indefinite feelings sometimes ascribed to the touch	103

Relation between the sensation and what is outwardly signified	104

THE SENSE OF SIGHT 76 Of the organ of sight and the uses or benefits of that sense	105

Statement of the mode or process in visual perception	106

Of the original and acquired perceptions of sight	107

The idea of extension not originally from sight	108

Of the knowledge of the figure of bodies by the sight	109

Measurements of magnitude by the eye 105 106 107 108 109	111

Of objects seen in the mist and of the sun and moon in the horizon	112

Of the estimation of distances by sight	114

84	116

85	117

86	118

Of conceptions attended with a momentary belief	119

Conceptions which are joined with perceptions	120

Conceptions as connected with fictitious representations	121

87	122

89	123

90	125

91	127

92	129

93	130

94	131

96	133

97	134

HABITS OF SENSATION AND PERCEPTION 98 General view of the law of habit and of its applications	135

Of habit in relation to the smell	137

Of habit in relation to the taste	138

Of habit in relation to the hearing	140

Application of habit to the touch	143

Other striking instances of habits of touch	146

Habits considered in relation to the sight	147

Sensations may possess a relative as well as positive increase of power	149

Of habits as modified by particular callings or arts	150

The law of habit considered in reference to the perception of the 150 outlines and forms of objects	151

Notice of some facts which favour the above doctrine 110 Additional illustrations of Mr Stewarts doctrine	152

Instances in proof of the existence of muscular habits	154

Muscular habits regarded by some writers as involuntary	155

Objections to the doctrine of involuntary muscular habits	156

CONCEPTIONS 114 Meaning and characteristics of conceptions	158

Of conceptions of objects of sight	159

Of the influence of habit on our conceptions	161

Origin of the distinction of simple and complex	168

Nature and characteristics of simple mental states 124 Simple mental states not susceptible of definition 126 Origin of complex notions and their relati...	169

The precise sense in which complexness is to be understood	173

Illustrations of analysis as applied to the mind	174

Complex notions of external origin	175

Of objects contemplated as wholes	176

Something more in external objects than mere attributes or qual ities	177

Imperfections of our complex notions of external objects	178

ABSTRACTION 134 Abstraction implied in the analysis of complex ideas	180

135 Instances of particular abstract ideas	181

Mental process in separating and abstracting them	182

Of generalizations of particular abstract mental states	183

Of the importance and uses of abstraction	184

GENERAL ABSTRACT IDEAS 139 General abstract notions the same with genera and species 140 Process in classification or the forming of genera ...	185

Early classifications sometimes incorrect	186

Illustration of our earliest classifications	187

Of the nature of general abstract ideas	188

Objection sometimes made to the existence of general notions	190

The power of general abstraction in connexion with numbers	191

Of general abstract truths or principles 147 Of the speculations of philosophers and others	192

Of different opinions formerly prevailing	193

Of the opinions of the Realists	194

Of the opinions of the Nominalists 151 Of the opinions of the Conceptualists	195

Further remarks of Brown on general abstractions	197

OF ATTENTION 153 Of the general nature of attention	198

154	199

155	200

156	202

158	204

159	205

II Relations of degree and names expressive of them	206

161	207

III Of relations of proportion	208

IV Of relations of place or position	209

V Of relations of time	210

VII Of relations of cause and effect 211 VI Of relations of possession	211

Section Page 166 Of the senses sinking to sleep in succession	213

General remarks on cases of somnambulism	214

Connexion of relative suggestion or judgment with reasoning CHAP V ASSOCIATION PRIMARY LAWS	215

Further remarks of the same writer on this subject	224

Secondary laws and their connexion with the primary	225

Writers who have objected to the doctrine of an internal source of knowledge	226

Secondary law of repetition or habit	227

Knowledge begins in the senses but has internal accessions	228

Instances of notions which have an internal origin	229

The foregoing law as applicable to the sensibilities	230

Imperfections attendant on classifications in mental philosophy	231

ORIGINAL SUGGESTION 177 Import of suggestion and its application in Reid and Stewart	232

Association sometimes misleads our judgments	233

Ideas of existence mind selfexistence and personal identity	234

Connexion of our ideas of extension and time	235

Origin of the idea of externality	236

180	237

181	238

182	239

183	240

184	241

185	243

187	245

188	246

Characteristic marks of the notion of space	247

190	249

191	250

192	251

193	252

194	253

195	254

On the compatibility of strong memory and good judgment	255

CONSCIOUSNESS 196 Consciousness the second source of internal knowledge its nature	256

197	257

198	258

199	259

Of committing to writing as a means of aiding the memory	260

200	261

Occasions on which feelings of relation may arise	262

203	263

Definition of dreams and the prevalence of them 159 Connexion of dreams with our waking thoughts 160 Dreams are often caused by our sensations...	264

206	265

207	266

Application of the principles of this chapter to education	267

209	268

Reasoning a source of ideas and knowledge	269

210	270

211	271

Tendency of the mind to pass from the sign to the thing signified	301

Whether there be heat in fire	302

Page	303

Remarks on the general nature of memory	309

Of memory as a ground or law of belief	310

Of differences in the strength of memory	311

Of circumstantial memory or that species of memory which	312

Illustrations of specific or circumstantial memory	314

Of philosophic memory or that species of memory which is based on other relations than those of contiguity	315

334	334

First cause of permanently vivid conceptions or apparitions Morbid sensibility of the retina of the	338

Second cause of permanently excited conceptions or apparitions Neglect of periodical bloodletting	339

Methods of relief adopted in this case	340

Illustrations of the value of the reasoning power	341

Definition of reasoning and of propositions	342

Process of the mind in all cases of reasoning	344

Grounds of the selection of propositions 344	345

Of disordered or alienated sensations	346

Reasoning implies the existence of antecedent or assumed propo sitions	347

Of reasoning à priori 276 Of reasoning à posteriori 277 Of reasoning à fortiori 278 Of differences in the power of reasoning 279 Of habits of reasoni...	348

Unsoundness or insanity of consciousness	349

Insanity of the judgment or relative suggestion	350

351	351

Illustrations of this mental disorder	352

Of reasoning in connexion with language or expression	354

DEMONSTRATIVE REASONING 281 Of the subjects of demonstrative reasoning	356

Use of definitions and axioms in demonstrative reasoning	357

The opposites of demonstrative reasonings absurd	358

Demonstrations do not admit of different degrees of belief	359

Of the use of diagrams in demonstrations	360

Of signs in general as connected with reasoning	361

Of the influence of demonstrative reasoning on the mental char acter	362

Further considerations on the influence of demonstrative reasoning	363

MORAL REASONING 289 Of the subjects and importance of moral reasoning	365

Of the nature of moral certainty	366

Of reasoning from analogy	367

Caution to be used in reasoning from analogy	368

Of reasoning by induction	369

Of the caution necessary in inductive processes 367 368	370

Of instances or experiments in inductive reasoning termed instan tiæ crucis	371

Of combined or accumulated arguments	372

PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS IN REASONING 297 Rules relating to the practice of reasoning 298 Of being influenced in reasoning by a love of the tr...	373

Pago	374

Consider the kind of evidence applicable to the subject	375

Reject the aid of false arguments or sophisms	376

Fallacia equivocationis or the use of equivocal terms and phrases	378

s on the mind of debating for victory instead of truth CHAP XIV IMAGINATION	379

Definition of the power of imagination	384

Process of the mind in the creations of the imagination	385

Further remarks on the same subject	386

Illustration from the writings of Dr Reid 311 Grounds of the preference of one conception to another 312 Illustration of the subject from Milton	387

based on the relations of contiguity in time and place 312	388

The creations of the imagination not entirely voluntary 314 Illustration of the statements of the preceding section 315 On the utility of the faculty of t...	389

314	390

315	391

Works of imagination give different degrees of pleasure	392

317	394

318	396

319	397

Feelings of sympathy aided by the imagination	398

COMPLEX IDEAS OF INTERNAL ORIGIN 321 Of complex ideas of external origin	399

Nature of complex ideas of internal origin 323 Of complex notions formed by the repetition of the same thing	400

Of the help afforded by names in the combination of numbers	401

Instances of complex notions made up of different simple ideas	402

Not the same internal complex ideas in all languages	404

Origin of the complex notion of a Supreme Being	406

DIVISION FIRST THE INTELLECT OR UNDERSTANDING INTELLECTIVE OR INTELLECTUAL STATES OF THE MIND PART THIRD IMP...	409

CONNEXION OF THE MIND AND BODY 399 400 400 401	411

The mind constituted on the principle of a connexion with the body	412

Illustration of the subject from the effects of old age 331 The connexion of the bodily system with the mental shown from Pago 411	413

437	437

440	438

Of the power of reasoning in the partially insane	440

Instance of the above form of disordered reasoning	441

Of readiness of reasoning in the partially insane	442

Partial mental alienation by means of the imagination	443

Insanity or alienation of the power of belief	444

TOTAL INSANITY OR DELIRIUM 359 Idea of total insanity or delirium	446

Of perception in cases of total or delirious insanity 361 Of association in delirious insanity 362 Illustration of the above section 363 Of the memory i...	447

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Veelvoorkomende woorden en zinsdelen

action affections antecedent apparent magnitude appear apply ascribed assert association attention body called cause ception circumstances colour complex notion conceptions connexion consciousness consequence consideration considered constitution Cudworth degree direct distance distinct doctrine dreams eral evidence exercise existence experience express extension external objects fact give habit hearing Hence human voice inquiry instance intel intellectual internal origin James Mitchell jects knowledge language material world matter means memory mental mental philosophy merely nature ness nexion Nominalists notice occasion operations organ outward papillæ particular perceive perception person personal identity philosophy possess present principle propositions qualities reasoning reference relation remark retina rience sensation sensations exhibit sense of touch sidered sight simple smell somnambulism somnambulist sophism soul sound speak statement Suggestion supposed susceptible taste term ternal testimony things tion true truth tympanum VENTRILOQUISM ventriloquist visual perception volition whole words writers

Bibliografische gegevens

Titel	Elements of Mental Philosophy: Embracing the Two Departments of the Intellect and the Sensibilities, Volume 1 Elements of Mental Philosophy: Embracing the Two Departments of the Intellect and the Sensibilities, Thomas Cogswell Upham
Auteur	Thomas Cogswell Upham
Uitgever	Harper & Brothers, 1852
Oorspronkelijk uit	de University of Virginia
Gedigitaliseerd	1 sep 2009

Citatie exporteren	BiBTeX EndNote RefMan

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