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BOOK direful principle was patronised by Jesuits of high name, and was avowedly meditated by some to be put in action against Elizabeth. The individual who made this acknowlegement, indicated, by the phrases of his allusions, the extent of the combination, as well as the personal nature of its object.7° The destroying consequences to the Protestant cause every where, if the queen of England could be removed, were stated by this Jesuit in his confidential disclosure;" evincing her to have been indeed the rock of safety, at that time, to the Reformation, in all its European establishments.72

que l'on s'addresse; a reçu argent pour faire depescher l'Orangier et est encores après.' p. 8 and 10.

70 Sir Francis Walsingham furnishes us with an instance of this, in his dispatch of 2 March 1572: Of late I caused one, under the color of a Catholic, to repair unto one Darbishire, AN ENGLISH JESUIT, in Paris, for that I understood there is a concurrency of intelligence between him and those of Lorraine, as also with those of the Scottish queen's faction. The party I sent did seem to bewail the evil success that the late practices took in Scotland, especially for that Mather's enterprise was also discovered. To this the JESUIT answered, that the evil handling of matters was the cause that they took no better effect; 'notwithstanding,' said he, 'be of good comfort, and assure yourself THERE ARE MORE MATHERS IN ENGLAND THAN ONE, who will not admit [omit,] when time shall conveniently serve, to adventure their lives in seeking to acquit us of that lewd woman,' meaning her majesty. For,' saith be, if she were gone, then would the hedge lie open, whereby the good queen that now is prisoner, in whom resteth the PRESENT right of this crown, should easily enjoy the same; for beside that all the Catholics within the realm of England are at her devotion, there are divers heretics that are well affected towards her. I tell you truly, she lacketh no friends in the English court. As for her liberty, there are some good men that will venture a joint to bring it to pass.' Lett. in Cab. p. 173.

71 He added, 'For if she were once possessed of the crown of England, it will be the only way and mean to reform ALL CHRISTENDOM, in reducing them to the Catholic faith. Therefore you must think that there are more heads occupied in this matter than English heads. There are more ways to the wood than one. Therefore be of good courage, and ere ever one year be at an end you shall know more.' Cabala, ib. p. 172, 3. Mather's plot, see before, in this History, p. 265. 72 Walsingham justly said at the close of his letter, Her majesty may see how much they build upon the possibility of that dangerous woman, whose life is a step unto her majesty's death; for that they

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But the principles and conduct of the Jesuit frater- CHAP. nity, under its government by Aquaviva, were more publicly manifested in France in a later part of Elizabeth's reign.

On 27th December 1595, Henry IV. was stabbed in his mouth by a young scholar of the Jesuit college at Clermont, who had aimed at his throat; but the king, happening to lean forward at the moment, received the blow on his upper lip." This person's examination disclosed his education under the

repute her for an undoubtable successor, or rather, which is more danger, for a right inheritor.' Lett. ib. p. 173.

It is a curious fact, and it indicates what a real anomaly of dissenting and discordant parties the name and external frame of the Roman Catholic church embraces in its apparent, tho but nominal and political unity, that the THREE FIRST GENERALS of the JESUITS were attacked by the Spanish inquisition. IGNATIUS, the sainted founder, was arrested, in 1527, at Salamanca, as a fanatic, and an illuminati, and for 22 days was kept in confinement. He was also three times denounced as a heretic. Llorente's Hist. Inq. 371, 2.

LAINEZ, the second general, was denounced to the inquisition as suspected of Lutheranism, and of the heresy of the illuminati, ib. 365; but, being at Rome, he succeeded in evading the jurisdiction of the Spanish tribunal. ib. 366.

ST. FRANCIS DE BORGIA, the third general, who succeeded Lainez in 1565, and died 1572, was accused as favoring the heresy of the illuminati, and only escaped the prisons of the inquisition by hastening to Rome, as soon as he heard that his person was to be secured. His treatise on Christian Works was twice placed in the inquisitorial index, as a denounced book, in 1559 and in 1583. Llor. Hist. p. 373.

Several other Catholic saints and their works are also mentioned by Llorente, as denounced by the inquisition. So that either they or the tribunal were heretical, and yet both pass for sound Catholics -evidently shewing that sects and dissenters, in some respects or other, abound as much in the Romish as in the Protestant churches; but by not throwing off the name, a public semblance of unity is preserved, amid real discrepancy and continual battle; as the Jesuits also proved in their attack on the Jansenists.

73 The king stooped at the moment to embrace a gentleman kneeling to him, whom he was much attached to. Chatel had aimed his knife at the throat, because he thought the dress on other parts might not have been penetrated. He said he did it because it would be useful a la religion Catholique apostolique et Romaine.' He was 19 years of age. Recit. du Proced. Mercure Jes. p. 473-5.

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75

Jesuits, and that he had learnt from his preceptors that it would be a laudable act to kill a heretic king whom the pope had not approved of."5 A sufficient force was dispatched to the college; and among the papers found there, some writings of the Jesuit priest Guignard were secured," in which treasonable doctrines of the same sort had been deliberately penned by this individual," who acknowleged them to be his MSS.78 Both he and Chatel were tried and executed." Gueret, another

7 He had been three years with the Jesuits; and the last time under the Jesuit father Gueret. ib. 476. He thought the deed would lessen his pains when in a state of damnation, which he expected to be his lot. Being asked if he had been put by the Jesuits in their chamber of meditations, which was furnished with pictures of many devils of different but terrifying figures, and to which the fathers were accustomed to send the greatest sinners, under pretence of bringing them to a better life, but really to shake their spirits, and to urge them by such admonitions a faire quelque grand cas; he answered, that 'he had often been in this chamber of meditations.' p. 479.

75 He said he had heard then, that it was praiseworthy to kill the king that he was out of the church: that he was not to be obeyed, nor to be deemed king, until he had been approved of by the pope.' ib. p..479.

76 Mercure Jesuite, p. 480.

77 His regret that Henry IV. had not been killed at the massacre of St. Bartholomew, was thus expressed: If they had opened la veine basilique, the royal vein, we should not have had the fever en chaud mal that we have since experienced.' p. 480. The assassination of Henry III. was called an heroical action, done by J. Clement, as a gift of the Holy Spirit. It has been justly praised by Bourgoing, the prior of the jacobins.' p. 481. A cruel Nero has been killed by a Clement, a pretended monk, dispatched by the hand of a true monk.' p. 480. 'The finest anagram made on the dead tyrant, was the 'Vilain Herodes.' ib. Henry le Valois is convertible into these words: If we cannot depose without war, let us have war: if we cannot make war, qu'on le fasse mourir,' that the crown of France may and ought to be transferred from the Bourbon family to another. That the Bearnois [Henry IV.] tho converted to the Catholic faith, would be treated more mildly than he deserved, if a monk's crown were given to him in some convent, where he might do penance.' ib. In the same MSS. Elizabeth was styled une louve d'Angleterre;' the she wolf of England. Guignard interrogé sur iceux a lui representer a recogneu les avoir composez et ecrits de sa main.' ib. 482.

78 6

79 Jean Chatel, on 29 Dec. 1595, and Guignard, 7 January following. The arrêts' for their execution, stating their offences and condemnations, are in Mercure Jes. 482-5.

Jesuit, who had been the immediate instructor of the boy, was banished; 80 and all the priests and scholars at Clermont, and all others of the society, were ordered to quit the kingdom in three days.1

Henry IV. was, unfortunately for himself, afterwards prevailed upon to admit the Jesuits to reestablish themselves in France; 82 and was at last, a few years afterwards, himself assassinated by Ravillac, who had imbibed the principles of Jean Chatel; as his predecessor Henry III. had perished from the dagger of Jacques Clement in 1589.

This doctrine of the laudability and right of assassinating sovereigns, was taught by others at that time, of the Jesuit fraternity; 83 and among

60 Arrêt, 7 Jan. ib. 487.

81 The king's arrêt 'ordonne que les pretres et ecoliers du college de Clermont et tous autres soi disans de la dite societé, comme corrupteurs de la jeunesse, perturbateurs du repos public; ennemis du roi et de l'etat, vuideront dedans trois jours.' Merc. p. 484. It also forbad any subject from sending scholars to the colleges of the Jesuits that were in any other country. ib. An apology for Chatel, by F. de Verona Constantin, soon appeared, hailing Guignard as a martyr, and praising him for not acknowleging as king ' celui que l'eglise a condamné.' Apol. c. 10. p. 238. The author hopes that another attempt will succeed better. p. 249. The Jesuit Bonarscius exalts him to the skies: Shall I be silent on thee, O star, so splendid both in heaven and on earth! Thou last unblameable expiation of a house that will have to grieve no more. No day will obliterate the traces of thy blood: all France will concur in my wishes.' Amphitheat. c. 8. The Jesuits printed in Flanders, at Douay and elsewhere, an 'advertissement au Catholiques,' on this arrêt, which was replied to. Cayet has printed the substance of both in his Chronol. Novenaire, p. 438.

62 His letters patent, re-establishing them in fourteen towns in France, on certain conditions, dated Rouen, Sept. 1603, are in the Mercure Jesuite, p. 538, with the remonstrances of the parliament of Paris against the recall. p. 542. He gave them further privileges in 1606. ib. p. 553. But these unwise kindnesses of a mistaken expediency did not save him.

83 The doctor of the Sorbonne, after the death of Henry IV. stated to the parliament of Paris, that the works of the Jesuits, Mariana, Bonarscius, or Scribanius, and Emmanuel Sa, were circulated among the public, full of the doctrine, that those whom they called tyrants might be killed. He principally complained of the book of Mariana,

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BOOK these by the celebrated Mariana, whose book was declared to be such as those learned and grave Jesuits had approved, by whose judgment, the dignified Jesuit whom the general of the society had specially appointed to superintend the publication of its writings, determined his own opinion and sanction. The following is a synopsis of this part of the book.

MARIANA ON REGICIDE.

This able Jesuit begins his Work with a description of the beauties and antiquities of TALAVERA, because he was born there; and of the conversations which led him to compose his book. He then begins his subject with these topics: Man is a sociable animal, ch. 1. It is better for a state to have one head than many, ch. 2. Should the government be hereditary? ch. 3. On the rules of succession, ch. 4. On the difference between a king and a tyrant, ch 5. These lead him to his sixth chapter, Whether it be lawful to destroy a tyrant.' p. 51.

He derives the power of kings from the people, Rex a

'De Regis Institutione.' De Thou, v. 15, p. 111. It was ordered to be torn and burnt by the common hangman. ib. 112.

4 Mariana's book is now before me. My edition, which belonged to the late sir Samuel Romilly, is the second edition. The first was printed in 1599, at Toledo. The second is Typus Wechelianis. 1611.' It has the two important sanctions for its original publication, from the clergy and jesuits in Spain. One dated from Maria's convent, for the redemption of captives, at Madrid, 30 Dec. 1598; from Petrus de Onna, the magister of the province, who calls its three books 'elegantes et graves.' By the royal directions, I have read these diligently and attentively; and they so pleased me, that I would have given them a second and a third perusal, if time and leisure had allowed. I think it should be printed, and in the hands of every one, especially of those who are in the government of a state.' It has also the deciding permission to print it from the head of his own order in Spain, authorized by its general. This is dated Dec. 1598. 'I, Stephen Hoieda, the visitor of the society of the Jesuits, in the province of Toledo, by special power grauted from our general father Claude Aquaviva, give the liberty of printing these three books, which P. J. Mariana, of the same society, has composed, because they have been first approved by learned and grave men of our order: a viris doctis et gravibus EX nostro ordine.