enlarged from the bibliography of the subject prepared by Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Webb, in 1906.

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION

564. Patents for Inventions. Abridgments of Specifications relating to Roads and Ways. A. D. 1619-1866. Printed by order of the Commissioners of Patents. 1868. xiv, 277 p. Prepared by Bennet Woodcroft. Includes references to magazines where a fuller account of the invention is given.

OTHER WORKS

565. New and Accurate Description of the present Great Roads and the Principal Cross Roads of Great Britain. 1756.

566. Hawkins, Sir John, Observations on the State of the Highways and on the Laws for amending and keeping them in repair. With a draught of a bill for reducing into one act

the most essential parts of all the statutes in force relating

to the highways . . 1763.

567. Homer, Henry, An Enquiry into the means of preserving and improving the Publick Roads of this Kingdom Oxford, 1767. 87 p. Laws, history, construction, avoidance of grades, and curves, materials, injurious influences.

568. Paterson, Daniel, A New and Accurate Description of all the Direct and Principal Cross Roads in England and Wales. 1771. 18th ed., 1829, 715, 44 p. Maps. Guide-book, with distances. "On the left is

569. Bayley, Thomas Butterworth, Observations on the General Highway and Turnpike Acts. 1773.

570. Edgeworth, Richard Lovell, An Essay for the Construction of Roads on Mechanical and Physical Principles. 1774 48 p.

571. Scott, John, Digest of the General Highway and Turnpike Laws. 1778. “This old law book, compiled by 'the Quaker

poet' of Amwell . . who was an able and zealous justice of the peace for Hertfordshire, contains many shrewd and humourous observations, and throws considerable light on contemporary local administration. With its appendix on the construction and preservation of public roads, it forms a work of no little merit, which was at that time, as his biographer observes, 'probably the only scientific treatise on the subject.'" Webb, King's Highway, p. 445.

572. Owen, William, Owen's New Book of Roads; or, a Description of the Roads of Great Britain. 1782. Other editions, until 1840 (1805-8-27). Descriptions of the roads and points of interest along them.

573. McAdam, John Loudon, Remarks on the Present System of Road Making; with observations, deduced from practice and experience, with a view to a revision of the existing laws, and the introduction of improvement in the method of making, repairing, and preserving roads, .. Bristol, 1816. 32 p. 9th ed., 1827. Short description of methods, states the need of more competent supervision.

574. Cobbett, William, Jr., The Law of Turnpikes; or, an
arrangement of,
commentaries on,
the

acts relative to the turnpike roads of England

196 p.

. 1824. iv,

575. McAdam, John Loudon. Observations on the Management of Trusts for the Care of Turnpike Roads, as regards the repair of the road, the expenditure of the revenue, and the appointment of . . officers. 1825. Noted work.

Illustrated by examples.

576. General Rules for Repairing Roads, published, by order of the Parliamentary Commissioners, for the improvement of the mail coach roads from London to Holyhead and from London to Liverpool, and for the use of surveyors on these roads. 1827. II p. 2 pl. Short technical notes on dimensions, drainage, fences, trees. Diagrams of tools, cross-sections of roads.

577. Parnell, Sir Henry Brooke, Baron Congleton, A

Treatise on Roads; wherein the principles on which roads should be made are explained and illustrated, by the plans, specifications, and contracts made use of by Thomas Telford, Esq., on the Holyhead Road. 1833. xii, 438 p. Important. Methods of construction and maintenance, explained by a recognized authority.

578. Gordon, Alexander, The Fitness of Turnpike Roads and Highways for the most expeditious, safe, convenient and economical internal communication. 1835. 32 p. Objects to railways as dangerous, costly; asserts that locomotives will not haul up hill, but slip.

579. Pratt, John Tidd, The Law relating to Highways, comprising the Statute 5 and 6 Wm. IV, c. 50 with notes

forms, references, etc. 1835. 16th ed., 1911.

580. Gordon, Alexander, Observations addressed to those interested in either Rail-ways or Turnpike-roads; showing the comparative expedition, safety, convenience, and public and private economy of these two kinds of road for internal communication. 1837. 31 p. Almost a reprint of "Fitness although there are some changes.

581. Simms, Frederick Walter, A Treatise on the Principles and Practice of levelling showing its application in the construction of roads. 1837.. Other editions, 1843, 1856, 1866, 1875. Very technical.

582. Hughes, Thomas, The Practice of Making and Repairing Roads 1838. 108 p. A Practical, technical manual, following Telford's principles. Tables. Argues the necessity of improvement.

583. Whitworth, Sir Joseph, On the Advantages and Economy of Maintaining a High Degree of Cleanliness in Roads and Streets; with an account of the construction and operation of the street-sweeping machine. Manchester, 1847.

584. Law, Henry, Rudiments of the Art of Constructing and Repairing Common Roads . . . . . To which is prefixed, a gen

eral survey of the principal Metropolitan roads, by S. Hughes. 1850. 2d ed., 1855. 158 p. A simple guide to methods of construction of roads and paved streets.

585. Glass, Henry Alexander, Three Lectures on Roads and Road-makers. 1864. 112 p.

586. Clarke, D. Kinnear, The Construction of Roads and Streets. 1877. xii, 345 p. 3d ed., 1887. Illus. A revised and condensed edition of H. Law's The Art of Constructing Common Roads and Recent practice in the construction of roads and streets. A historical sketch by Clarke precedes the rest. 20 p.

587. Bennett, Francis James, Our Roads from Prehistoric Times to the Present Day. 1905.

588. Webb, Sidney and Beatrice. English Local Government: The Story of the King's Highway. 1913. x, 279 p. An account of making and managing roads from earliest times to now, done with the usual Webb thoroughness. Includes notes and references at the close of each chapter.

589. Wilkinson, T. W., The Highways and Byways of England. Their History and Romance. 1913 (?). xi-xxiii, 270 p. Many illustrations. Clear, well-arranged, fairly short account of the history of roads. Romantic aspects distinctly subordinate, especially in the latter part.

§ 3. VEHICLES

Except for the peasant's rude cart, the pack-horse and the saddle-horse carried the goods and the people of England until the middle of the sixteenth century; when great springless wagons were introduced for freight and for such of the public as cared to ride and could not afford the fashionable new private carriages. Even these were really hardly less uncomfortable, for they were massive vehicles, swung on leather straps, and drawn slowly by the heavy coach-horses.

When stage-coaches were introduced nearly a century later, many of the old private coaches were sold to be hired out, and supplanted by the lighter, more graceful carriages which were becoming popular. The lumbering stage-coach remained springless until 1750, and was in many other respects a poor means of transportation. An impression that if the center of gravity was high, speed would be increased, caused weight to be piled on top until the vehicles were frequently overturned. Only the main lines of travel were supplied with coaches, and at best they ran infrequently.

The greatest improvement came with the mail-coach, which was both safer and speedier than its predecessor. The lighter construction, better horses, and improved roads resulted in such satisfactory service that for a time the mail-coach continued to vie with the railway for passengers.

Meantime the long trains of carts had given place in many districts to canals for carrying freight. Carriages had been greatly improved by Obadiah Elliott's invention of the elliptic spring in 1804, and coach building had become an art. Public conveyances were in use in the principal cities, and the omnibus was borrowed from France in 1829 to take its characteristic place in London life.