of the Nation, the Means of Employment of Labour, the Sinking Fund, and its Application. Pauperism. Protection requisite to the Landed and Agricultural Interests. 1816. 44 p. Dark picture of conditions. The government should economize, stop the increase of pauperism, attack unemployment, levy a general tax instead of the poor-rate on land, relieve taxation by using part of the income from the sinking fund, protect agriculture, reduce the legal interest rate.

181. Torrens, Robert, A Letter to the Earl of Liverpool, on the state of the agriculture of the United Kingdom, and on the means of relieving the present distress of the farmer, and of securing him against the recurrence of similar embarrassments. 1816, 34 p.

182. An Exposition of the Principal Cause of the National Distress, particularly in Manufacturing Districts; with some Suggestions for its Removal. 1817.

183. Playfair, William, A Letter on our Agricultural Distresses, their Causes and Remedies; accompanied with Tables and Copper-Plate Charts, shewing and comparing the Prices of Wheat, Bread and Labour, from 1550 to 1821, addressed to the Lords and Commons. 1821. 1822, 2d ed. with additional charts. viii, 72 p. Concludes "that credit given and taken by the bakers and dealers is the great cause of the farmer's receiving a low price while the consumers pay a high one." Therefore, prohibit credit above a certain amount, and fix assize again, prevent monopoly and speculation in provisions. Interesting chiefly for its colored charts.

184. Cleghorn, James, On the Depressed State of Agriculture. Edinburgh, 1822. 140 p. Causes-transition from war to peace, taxation, over-supply, rise in value of money, importation of corn. Remedies stricter corn laws, reduction of taxes, of value of money, reform of poor- and tithe-laws, bounty on exportation of corn,

185. The Speech of the Earl of Liverpool delivered in the

House of Lords, on Tuesday, the 26th Day of February, 1822, on the subject of the Agricultural Distress of the Country, and the Financial Measures proposed for its Relief, with an appendix, containing several accounts therein referred to. 1822. 72 P.

Asserts that distress is due to the shrinking of the market after the close of the war. Admits that the army and navy ought to be reduced, taxation lowered through economy, and declares necessary "the steady maintenance of an efficient sinking fund." p. 64. Statistical appendix-savings banks, taxes, value of manufactures, public income and expenditure.

186. Symmons, John, The Causes of the Present Distressful State of the Country Investigated; and the supposed easiest, speediest and most effectual remedies, submitted, with all due respect, to the members of both Houses of Parliament. 1822, 168 p. One remedy only is necessary-the restoration of the Bank Restriction Act, or, if that is not possible, lower taxes.

187. Whitmore, William Wolryche, A Letter on the Present State and Future Prospects of Agriculture 1822. 86 p. Depression due to reaction consequent upon the withdrawal of the stimulus of war to agriculture. The monopoly, secured by corn laws, results in over-production. Considers also other causes frequently assigned for distress: taxation, currency, lessened consumption, importation of foreign corn. Favors repeal of Corn Laws.

188. Tooke, Thomas, Thoughts and Details on the High and Low Prices of the last Thirty Years. 1823. 2d ed. 1824. See 252.

189. Estrada, Alvaro Florez, Reflections on the Present Mercantile Distress experienced in Great Britain, and more or less affecting other nations on the continent of Europe, &c., &c. 1826, 36 p. "In my opinion, the origin of the prevailing distress is no other than the late alarming diminution in the amount of specie imported annually into Europe, a consequence which could not fail to follow the independence of the country whence the precious metals are chiefly derived-South America." p. 12.

190. Pebrer, Antonio Pablo, Five Questions on the Actual Mercantile Distress. 1826. 34 p.

191. Western, Charles Callis, A Letter to the Earl of Liverpool on the Cause of our present Embarrassment and Distress: and the measures necessary for our effectual relief. 1826. 43 p. "the sole cause of all our difficulties has been mistaken legislation respecting the currency;" p. 9. Extend credit currency.

192. Western, Charles Callis, A Letter on the present Distress of the Country, addressed to his Constituents, Chelmsford, 1829. 15 p.

193. Western, Charles Callis, A Second Letter on the present Distress of the Country. . . Chelmsford, 1830. 8 p.

194. Blane, Sir Gilbert, Reflections on the Present Crisis of Publick Affairs, with an Enquiry into the Causes and Remedies of the existing Clamours, and alleged Grievances, of the Country, as connected with population, subsistence, wages of labourers, education, &c. 1831. 78 p. General survey of conditions with historical comparisons.

195. Reid, William, An Inquiry into the Causes of the Present Distress, with an Attempt to Explain the Theory of National Wealth. Edinburgh, 1833. 34 p. Repeal the Corn Laws, abolish the monopoly of the Bank of England, reform the system of taxation. 196. Palmer, John Horsley, The Causes and Consequences of the Pressure on the Money Market; with a statement of the action of the Bank of England from 1st October, 1833 to 27th. December, 1836. 1837. See Money and Banking.

197. The late Commercial Crisis; being a retrospect of the years 1836 to 1838: with tables representing a safe, speedy, and equitable plan for the abolition of the Corn Laws. By a Glasgow manufacturer. Glasgow, 1839. 113 p. Tax goods produced by power, to protect hand-loom weavers, repeal the Corn Laws, improve currency and banking system.

198. Western, Charles Callis, (Lord), A Letter to the Presi

dent and Members of the Chelmsford Agricultural Society, upon the causes of the distressed State of the Agricultural Classes 1839, 16 p. Defends Corn Laws, attributes distress to Currency Act of 1819.

199. Adshead, J., Evidence on Distress in Manchester. 1842.

200. Gray, John, An Efficient Remedy for Distress of Nations. 1842. xv, 224 p. Curious plan for creating a standard of value in form of notes, based on the value of the produce of certain "standard" factories controlled by the government, but competing in the open market.

201. Greg, William Rathbone, Not Over-Production, but deficient consumption, the source of our sufferings. 1842. 28 p. Home consumption has been decreasing, since money formerly used for the purchase of manufactured articles is now spent on food. Free trade and free importation of food stuffs needed. Stimulate consumption to provide for expanding manufactures, and give employment to increasing population.

202. Enderby, Charles, The Distress of the Nation, its Causes and Remedies. 1843, 98 p. The principal cause is mismanagement in distribution: "instead of seeking to make profits,

we should consume as much of everything as the country is capable of producing." p. 38. "our existing banking and monetary system is at the root of our national distress." Currency should be credit in visible form, paper money issued and guaranteed by the State. Dock banks should be established where goods might be stored and discounted.

203. Torrens, Robert, A Letter to the Rt. Hon. Sir Robert Peel, M. P., on the Condition of England, and on the Means of removing the causes of Distress. 1843. 101 p. The causes of distress are foreign competition, foreign tariffs, and over-investment of capital and labor in manufactures. The remedy is to extend the market and field of investment by extending British territory. Popu

late the colonies by government assistance to colonists and the whole situation will be relieved.

204. Laing, Samuel, National Distress; its Causes and Remedies. 1844. viii, 169 p. Vivid description of the wretched condition of the poor, based mainly upon Parliamentary reports. Greatest stress is laid upon moral causes, but the influences of population, the factory system, and foreign competition are also investigated. Some reflections are made upon remedial measures, free trade, taxation, currency, emigration, poor laws, sanitary regulations, and education.

205. Aytoun, James, The Railways and the Currency as connected with the present monetary crisis. Edinburgh, 1847. 36 p. A series of letters contending that over-speculation in railways caused the crisis. Opposes any extension of circulation.

206. Baring, Alexander, Lord Ashburton, The Financial and Commercial Crises Considered. 3d ed. 1847. 40 p. Due to over-extended circulation, railroad speculation. Favors double or silver standard.

207. Evans, D. Morier, The Commercial Crisis, 1847-8; being facts and figures illustrative of the events of that important period, considered in relation to the three epochs of the railway mania, the food and money panic, and the French Revolution 1848. 2d ed. revised and enlarged 1849. xvi, 155, ciii p. Tables, bank returns, prices, failures. Standard work on this crisis.

208. Burness, W., Essay on the Elements of British Industry; comprising remarks on the causes of our present depressed state, together with suggestions for its removal. 1848.

209. Harvey, James, The National Distress: its Financial Origin and Remedy. With the proposal of a common principle of union amongst the promoters of an equitable adjustment of the currency; and a vindication of the railways. 1848. 260, 8 p. The value of money is measured by the average rate of interest.