12. Sweet'n, sweet'ns, sweet'n'd; watch, watch'st, watch'dst; shouts, shout'st; crav'd, crav'dst; rav'l, rav'ls, rav'l'd; sev'n, sev'ns, sev'nth; waves, wav'st, gaz'd; puzzle, puzzles, puzzľ'd, puzzl'dst, puzzl'st; reas'n, reas'ns, reas'n'd, reas'n'st.

SECTION II.

Substitutes.

A SUBSTITUTE is a single letter, or two or more letters, used to represent an elementary sound which is peculiar to some other letter.

It will be seen, by the following table, that the number of substitutes is not so large as might at first be supposed. We believe and maintain, that in all cases where two or more letters are used as a substitute, they collectively represent an elementary sound which is not peculiar to any one of them, when taken by itself, but to some other letter. Thus, we regard ai, in said, as a substitute for short e, because they represent the element of short e, which is not peculiar to either of the letters. If the element in question is peculiar to any one of the letters used to represent it, we regard that letter alone the representative of the element, and the others as silent. Thus, eo in people, is not a substitute for long e, because the element heard in the pronunciation is peculiar to the letter e alone, and the o is silent.

RULE 4. When substitutes are used, they must have the same sounds as the elements for which they stand.

QUESTIONS.

as substitutes?

What is a substitute? What combination of letters may be regarded
What combinations should not be regarded as substitutes? What

is the rule respecting substitutes?

4. Table of Substitutes.

NOTE. The following is a list of letters frequently used as substitutes to represent several of the elements as given in the first table. The learner should first name the substitute, next the element it represents, and then the example in which it is combined.

EXERCISE II.

5. Table of Combinations of the Substitutes.

NOTE. In this table, the different substitutes are variously com bined in words, which the teacher may first require the pupil to pronounce, and then to point out the substitutes, and give the elementa for which they stand.

1. Veil, feint, weight, deign; they, prey, survey, obey; oft, for, nor, cord; cough, trough, bought, ought; marine, machine, police, fatigue; any, many, said, again.

2. Bury, buried, burial; spy, fly, type, tyrant; hymn, hysteric, hypocrite; English, Englishman, England; been; women; busy, busily, business; sew, shew, shewn.

7

3. Beau, bateau, bureau; hautboy, hauteur, hautgout; what, wad, squad, squander; mew, pew, dew; view, purview, interview; nation, passion, religion.

4. Luncheon, pigeon, surgeon; myrtle, myrmidon, myrrh; her, herd, perch; sir, stir, fir, bird; son, won, love; blood, flood; wolf, wolfish, wolverine.

5. Wool, wood, stood; how, owl, bower; suasion, suavity, suaviter; one, once; onion, valiant, collier; union, figure, stature; phrase, cipher, graphic.

6. Laugh, tough, enough; soldier, soldierlike; gem, ginger, gypsum; cat, scope, arc; chord, scholar, monarch; hough, lough, shough; quart, quirk, quibble.

7. Cent, dice, facile; of; Stephen; suffice, sacrifice, sice, discern; his, prism, usurper; Xanthus, xiphoid, xanthid; war axis, expense.

8. Choir, choir-service; sink, anger, languid; ocean, socia

QUESTIONS. What does the table of substitutes embrace? How is it to be used. What are the substitutes for long a? What are the substitutes for broad a, &c.? What is the design of the exercise? How is the table to be studied? Pronounce the first eight words in the first example. What are the substitutes in these words? What element do they represent? Pronounce the next eight words, &c.

specious; sure, sugar, pension; chaise, chamois, machine; nation, partial, patient; bastion, question; osier, crosier, usual; exact, example, exist.

SECTION III.

Special Rules in Articulation.

RULE 1. Avoid suppressing letters in pronunciation; as, Prmote for pro-mote; an for and; beas for beasts; sud-dn for sud-den; mod-l for mod-el, &c.

PRONOUNCE THE FOLLOWING. - Prevent, propose, proceed, predict; stand, bands, hindmost; posts, texts, cents; mitten, mountain, satin; travel, gospel, level,

RULE 2. Avoid substituting the sound of one letter for that of another; as, Reg-e-lar for reg-u-lar; gin-er-al for gen-er-al, &c.

PRONOUNCE THE FOLLOWING. - Populous, educate, stimulate, calculate, occupy, diligence, elegance, particular, difficult, system, opposite, gentleman, yesterday, agony, omnipotent, advocate.

RULE 3. Avoid suppressing syllables in pronunciation; as, His-try for his-to-ry; rith-me-tic for a-rithme-tic, &c.

PRONOUNCE THE FOLLOWING. Reference, sufferance, interest, every, slavery, literature, temperance, geography, foliage, utterance, library, memory, vigorous, misery, believe, ivory,

RULE 4. Avoid pronouncing ow like er; as, Fel-ler for fel-low, &c.

QUESTIONS. What is the first special rule in articulation? Give the examples. Pronounce the words under it. What is rule second, &c. ?

PRONOUNCE THE FOLLOWING. - Billow, mellow, willow, pillow, follow, swallow, yellow, harrow, sparrow, window, shadow, shallow, hollow, narrow, arrow, furrow.

RULE 5. Avoid pronouncing ing like in; as, Learnin for learn-ing, &c.

PRONOUNCE THE FOLLOWING.-Singing, talking, walking, calling, hunting, blooming, whipping, jumping, playing, trying, binding, changing, turning, twisting, drawing, burning.

RULE 6. Avoid pronouncing ment like munt; as, Judg-munt for judgment, &c.

PRONOUNCE THE FOLLOWING. Casement, basement, fragment, moment, shipment, lodgment, treatment, department, interment, abatement, indictment, preferment, presentment, detachment, retrenchment.

RULE 7. Avoid pronouncing ness and less like niss and liss; as, Kind-niss for kind-ness; harm-liss for harm-less, &c.

PRONOUNCE THE FOLLOWING.

Coolness, harshness, coarse

ness, fierceness, sharpness, rudeness, rashness, boldness, helpless, homeless, sleepless, faithless, groundless, cashless, tearless, thoughtless.

RULE 8. An imperfect utterance of the sub-vocals and aspirates, or joining the last letter of a word with the one following, frequently changes or perverts the meaning of a sentence, and should be carefully avoided.

NOTE 1. The correct reading is given in the first line of each of the following examples; and the incorrect reading and error is marked in the second.

QUESTIONS. What is rule eighth, or the rule for the imperfect utterance of the sub-vocals, &c. ?