CHAMPNEYS, JOHN (A. 1548), reli- tional schools, the first that were founded gious writer, born near Bristol, is described in the city, and during the severe visitation by Strype as living in later life at 'Stratford- of the cholera in 1832 he assiduously deon-the-Bow,' near London. He was a lay-voted himself to the sick. He was in 1837 man and an ardent reformer. He published in London in 1548 a controversial treatise in English, 'The Harvest is at hand wherein the tares shall be bound and cast into the fyre and brent,' London (by H. Powell), 1548. Some extreme Calvinistic opinions advanced in this work and in others by the same writer, which are not now known, offended Archbishop Cranmer, who insisted on the author's recantation on 27 April 1548. The proceedings are described at length in Strype's 'Cranmer,' ii. 92-4. At the beginning of Elizabeth's reign a writer of the same name, who had had to recant some Pelagian heresies, published anonymously a reply to Jean Veron's 'Fruteful Treatise of Predestination' (1563 ?), which Veron answered in his 'Apology.' Another JOHN CHAMPNEYS (d. 1556), skinner, of London, was sheriff in 1522, was alderman of Castle Baynard ward 1527-33, of Broad Street 1533-4, and of Cordwainer 1534 till death, and lord mayor in 1534, when he was knighted. Stow states that he was struck blind in his later years, a divine judgment for having added 'a high tower of brick' to his house in Mincing Lane, 'the first that I ever heard of in any private man's house, to overlook his neighbours in this city.' He was son of Robert Champneys of Chew, Somerset, and was buried at Bexley, Kent, 8 Oct. 1556 (cf. Thorpe's' Registrum Roffense,' p. 924). His family long continued in Kent. [Tanner's Bibliotheca Brit.; Strype's Cranmer, ii. 92-4; Machyn's Diary, Camd. Soc. p. 352; Hasted's Kent, i. 160, iii. 326; Stow's Survey, ed. Thoms, p. 51; Brit. Mus. Cat.] S. L. CHAMPNEYS, WILLIAM WELDON (1807-1875), dean of Lichfield, was eldest son of the Rev. William Betton Champneys, B.C.L. of St. John's College, Oxford, by his marriage with Martha, daughter of Montague Stable, of Kentish Town. He was born in Camden Town, St. Pancras, London, 6 April 1807, and was educated by the Rev. Richard Povah, rector of St. James's, Duke's Place, city of London, and having matriculated from Brasenose College, Oxford, on 3 July 1824, was soon after elected to a scholarship. He took his B.A. degree in 1828, and his M.A. in 1831, was then ordained to the curacy of Dorchester, near Oxford, whence he was transferred three months afterwards to the curacy of St. Ebbe's, in the city of Oxford, and in the same year was admitted a fellow of his college. In this parish he established na appointed rector of St. Mary's, Whitechapel, London, a parish containing thirty-three thousand people, where, mainly through his personal exertions in the course of a short time, three new churches were built. Here also he erected schools for boys and girls, and a special school for infants; but finding that many children could not attend in consequence of being in want of suitable apparel, he set up a school of a lower grade, which was practically the first ragged school opened in the metropolis. In connection with the district he founded a provident society, assisted in the commencement of a shoeblack brigade, with a refuge and an industrial home for the boys, and co-operated with others in the work of building the Whitechapel Foundation Commercial School. He was originator of a local association for promotion of the health and comfort of the industrial classes, and also of the Church of England Young Men's Society, the first association of young men for religious purposes and mutual improvement which was seen in Whitechapel. The London coal-whippers were indebted to him for the establishment of an office, under an act of parliament in 1843, where alone they could be legally hired, instead of as before being obliged to wait in public-houses. His principles were evangelical and catholic. His sermons attracted working men by plain appeals to their good sense and right feeling. On 3 Nov. 1851, on the recommendation of Lord John Russell, he was appointed to a canonry in St. Paul's, and the dean and chapter of that cathedral in 1860 gave him the vicarage of St. Pancras, a benefice at one time held by his grandfather. The rectory of Whitechapel had been held by him during twenty-three years, and on his removal he received many valuable testimonials and universal expressions of regret at his departure. He was named dean of Lichfield on 11 Nov. 1868; attached to the deanery was the rectory of Tatenhill, and his first act was to increase the stipend of the curate of that rectory from 100l. to 5007. a year, and to expend another 500%. in rebuilding the chancel of the church. He died at the deanery, Lichfield, on 4 Feb. 1875, and was buried in the cathedral yard on 9 Feb. He married, 20 March 1838, Mary Anne, fourth daughter of Paul Storr, of Beckenham, Kent. He was a voluminous author of evangelical literature, but it is doubtful if many of his writings continue to be read. His name is found appended to upwards of fifty works, but a large num 6 ber of these are either books which he edited or to which he contributed recommendatory prefaces; whilst others are single sermons and lectures which had a local circulation. The titles of the most important of his own works are given below: 1. 'Plain Sermons on the Liturgy of the Church of England,' 1845. 2. The Path of a Sunbeam, 1845. 3. 'The Church Catechism made plain,' 1847. 4. A Child a Hundred Years Old, 1848. 5. Floating Lights,' 1849. 6. 'A Quiet One in the Land; Memoir of Mary Anne Partridge,' 1849. 7. Drops from the Well, a simple explanation of some of the Parables, 1852. 8. Marriage with a Deceased Wife's Sister,' 1851. 9. The Golden Chord, or Faith, Hope, and Charity,' 1852. 10. 'She hath done what she could,' 1853. 11. An Example of Suffering, Affliction, and Patience, or a Brief Memoir of Helen S-,' 28th thousand, 1853. 12. Confirmation, or the Citizen of Zion taking up his Freedom,' 1856. 13. 'Sin and Salvation, 1858. 14. The Sunday School Teacher,' 3rd edit. 1857. 15. A Story of the Great Plague,' 1858. 16. The Spirit in the World,' 1862. 17. 'Early Rains; a Sketch of A. C. Savage,' 1863. 18.Facts and Fragments, 1864. 19. 'Parish Work; a brief Manual for the young Clergy,' 1865. 20. 'Things New and Old,' 1869. 21. 'The Power of the Resurrection; a Sketch of H. Adams, a Whitechapel ragged-school teacher,' 1871. 22. A Simple Catechism for Protestant Children,' 57th thousand, 1877. He was also a writer in 'Home Words,' 'Our Own Fireside,' and other periodicals. [Drawing-room Portrait Gallery (4th series, 1860), with portrait, pp. 1,2; Christian Cabinet Almanack, with portrait (1861), pp, 14, 31; Miller's St. Pancras (1874), pp. 21, 22; Champneys's Story of the Tentmaker, 1875, with memoir and portrait; The Guardian, 10 Feb. 1875, p. 168, and 17 Feb. p. 209.] G. C. B. CHANCELLOR, RICHARD (d. 1556), navigator, accompanied 'Roger Bodenham with the great Barke Aucher' on a journey to Candia and Chio in 1550. He was in 1553 chosen to be captain of the Edward Bonaventure, and 'pilot-general' of the expedition which was fitted out under the command of Sir Hugh Willoughby [q. v.] in the Bona Esperanza, ' for the search and discovery of the northern part of the world,' and especially to look for a north-east passage to India. Chancellor is described as a man of great estimation for many good parts of wit, and as having been brought up by one Master Henry Sidney,' the father of the better known Sir Philip. He seems to have been a seafaring man. Sidney said in commending him to the merchants adventu rers in this expedition: 'I rejoice in myself that I have nourished and maintained that wit, which is like by some means and in some measure to profit and stead you in this worthy action. . . . I do now part with Chancellor, not because I make little reckoning of the man, or because his maintenance is burdenous and chargeable unto me. . . You know the man by report, I by experience; you by words, I by deeds; you by speech and company, but I by the daily trial of his life have a full and perfect knowledge of him.' The ships, victualled for eighteen months, dropped down the river on 20 May, but were delayed for several days at Harwich, waiting for a fair wind. During this time it was discovered that a considerable part of the provisions was bad, and that the wine casks were leaking. It was, however, too late to get the evil remedied before the expedition finally sailed. In a violent gale of wind off the Lofoden Islands the ships were separated, nor did they again meet. Vardohuus had been given by the general as a rendezvous, and thither Chancellor made his way; but after waiting there seven days without hearing anything of the other ships he determined to push on alone, and came some days later into the White Sea. Thence he was permitted and invited to go overland to Moscow, where he was entertained by the emperor, and obtained from him a letter to the king of England, granting freedom and every facility of trade to English ships. Of the barbaric splendour of the Russian court, of the manners, religion, and laws of the Russian people, of the Russian towns and trade, an account, furnished by Chancellor and his companions, and written by Clement Adams [q. v.], was published in Hakluyt's 'Navigations,' and is curious, as the earliest account of a people then little known and still on the confines of barbarism. It was not till the following spring that Chancellor rejoined his ship, which had wintered in the neighbourhood of the modern Archangel, and in the course of the summer of 1554 he returned to England. His voyage, his discovery of a convenient port, and his successful negotiation at Moscow, at once opened the Russian trade, and led to the establishment of the Muscovy Company. Chancellor himself, still in the Edward Bonaventure, made a second voyage to the White Sea in the summer of 1555. He was at Moscow in November 1555, and on 25 July 1556 started in the Bonaventure on his journey home. The ship was cast away off Pitsligo (10 Nov.) on the coast of Aberdeenshire in Aberdour Bay. Chancellor and the greater part of the crew perished with her. Of his family nothing is known, except that in 1553 he had two sons, still boys, of whose orphanage he is said to have had a melancholy foreboding. The orthography of his name, too, is quite uncertain. No signature seems to be extant. Hakluyt, whose spelling of names is always wild, wavers between Chanceler and Chancelour, and Clement Adams latinises it as Cancelerus. Hakluyt prints Chancellor's 'Booke of the great and mighty Emperor of Russia. . .' dedicated to the author's uncle, Christopher Frothingham. [Hakluyt's Principal Navigations, &c. vol. i.] J. K. L. CHANCY or CHAWNEY, MAURICE (d. 1581), Carthusian monk. [See CHAUNCY.] CHANDLER, ANNE (1740-1814). [See CANDLER.] CHANDLER, BENJAMIN, M.D. (17371786), surgeon, who practised for many years at Canterbury, was admitted extra-licentiate of the London College of Physicians on 31 Oct. 1783, and died on 10 May 1786. He wrote 'An Essay towards an Investigation of the present successful and most general Method of Inoculation,' 8vo, London, 1767, which was the earliest detailed account of the practice, and 'An Inquiry into the various Theories and Methods of Cure in Apoplexies and Palsies,' 8vo, Canterbury, 1785, which is a criticism of Cullen's two chapters on that subject, and a comparison of his views with those of others and the results of his own experience. G. T. B. book of Daniel, in regard to which Collins had anticipated the views of some modern critics. He also published eight sermons, a 'Chronological Dissertation,' prefixed to R. Arnald's 'Commentary on Ecclesiasticus' (1748) [see ARNALD, RICHARD], and a short preface to Cudworth's Treatise on Immutable Morality' when first published in 1731. He died, after a long illness, in London on 20 July 1750, and was buried at Farnham Royal. Chandler was accused of having given 9,000l. for the see of Durham. King (Aneedotes, p. 118) mentions him as one of the prelates who died 'shamefully rich.' On the other hand, it is said that he gave 50%. to a house for the minister of Stockton, 2,000Z. the living of Monkwearmouth, 2007. towards for the benefit of clergymen's widows in his diocese, and that he never sold any of his patent offices. He married Barbara, eldest daughter of Sir Humphrey Briggs, and had by her two sons and three daughters. His 'great riches' went, upon their decease without issue, to James Lesley, bishop of Limerick, who had been his chaplain and had married his niece, Miss Lister (Gent. Mag. for 1793, p. 974, where are other particulars about his family). [Shaw's Staffordshire, i. 279; Hutchinson's Durham, i. 574; Whiston's Life, i. 422; Le Neve's Fasti, i. 558, 619; ii. 665; iii. 86, 297.] L. S. CHANDLER, JOHANNA (1820-1875), [Munk's Coll. of Phys., 1878, ii. 331; Chand- philanthropist, born in 1820, was one of the ler's works cited.] four children of a Mr. Chandler. She was early left an orphan, and taken to the home of her mother's parents, Mr. and Mrs. Pinnock, of St. Pancras parish, London. On the death of Mrs. Pinnock in 1856 her granddaughters resolved to devote themselves to providing a hospital for paralytics. Johanna and her sisters learned to make flowers and light ornaments of Barbadoes rice-shells, strung together with pearl and white glass beads, and produced by this hard labour for two years 2007. Johanna then applied to the public for subscriptions. The lord mayor, Alderman Wire, himself a paralytic sufferer, allowed her to call a meeting at the Mansion House on 2 Nov. 1859, at which he presided, and at which the subscriptions reached 8001. A committee was formed, a house was rented in Queen Square, and was formally opened by May 1860, with the title of the National Hospital for the Paralysed and Epileptic. The institution flourished, and Miss Chandler raised subscriptions and founded the Samaritan Society, to give aid to outdoor patients; she also founded the home for convalescent CHANDLER, EDWARD (1668?-1750), bishop of Durham, was son of Samuel Chandler of Dublin. He was educated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and in 1693 became M.A., was ordained priest, and appointed shaplain to Lloyd, bishop of Winchester. In 1697 he became prebendary of Lichfield; became D.D. in 1701, and in 1703 received the stall in Salisbury vacant by the death of Lancelot Addison. In 1706 he became prebendary of Worcester. He was consecrated bishop of Lichfield on 17 Nov. 1717. In 1730 he was translated to Durham, and confirmed on 21 Nov. Chandler was a man of more learning than capacity. He gained some reputation by 'A Defence of Christianity from the Prophecies, &c.' (1725), in answer to Collins's well-known Grounds and Reasons of the Christian Religion.' Collins having replied in his 'Scheme of Liberal Prophecy, Chandler published in 1728 A Vindication of the "Defence of Christianity." The main point at issue was the date of the G. T. B. [Gent. Mag. 1780, p. 591.] CHANDLER, J. W. (f. 1800), portrait painter, a natural son of Lord Warwick, worked in London towards the end of the last century. About 1800 he was invited to Aberdeenshire, where he painted a good many portraits. Afterwards he settled in Edinburgh. He indulged freethinking speculations, was melancholic, and attempted to kill himself. He was unsuccessful, however, and died under confinement 'about 1804-5,' being then less than thirty years old. He was considered a promising painter. From 1787 to 1791 he exhibited ten portraits at the Royal Academy. A portrait by Chandler of Lord St. Helens was engraved in mezzotint by William Ward, A.R.Ă. 'His works are little known, and such as may be seen are stiff, weakly painted, and do not sustain the character of talent.' [Redgrave's Dict. of Eng. School; Graves's Dict. of Artists.] E. R. CHANDLER, MARY (1687-1745), poetess, born at Malmesbury, Wiltshire, in 1687, was the eldest daughter of Henry Chandler, a dissenting minister, afterwards settled at Bath, her mother having been a Miss Bridgman of Marlborough, and one of her brothers being Dr. Samuel Chandler [q.v.] In her youth her spine became crooked, and her health suffered, yet she set up a shop in Bath about 1705, when not yet out of her teens, and enlivened her hours by writing rhyming riddles and poems to friends (ib. p. 353), and by reading poetry. The neighbouring gentry had her to visit them, among them being Mrs. Boteler, Mrs. Moor, Lady Russell, and the Duchess of Somerset. She was asked so frequently for copies of her verses that the at last resolved to print them. She was permitted to inscribe her book to the Princess Amelia. Swift's Mrs. Barber was her literary friend and neighbour, and she was also a friend of Elizabeth Rowe. Her volume is called 'A Description of Bath,' and going speedily through two editions, a third was issued in 1736, a fourth in 1738, and a fifth in 1741. A wealthy gentleman, of sixty, struck with one of her poems, travelled eighty miles to see her, and, after buying a pair of gloves of her, offered to make her his wife. Miss Chandler turned the incident into verse, and a sixth edition of her book being called for in 1744, it appeared with a sub-title, 'To which is added a True Tale, by the same Author.' Soon afterwards Miss Chandler was able to retire from business; and she commenced a poem 'On the Attributes of God,' but this was never finished, for she died on 11 Sept. 1745. A seventh edition of her poems was issued in 1755, and an eighth in 1767. She dedicated her book to her brother John, and her Life,' in Theophilus Cibber's 'Lives of the Poets,' was written by her brother Samuel. [Th. Cibber's Poets, v. 345-53; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. v. 304, 308; Mary Chandler's Description of Bath, 3rd ed. 1736, p. 21 et seq., and 6th ed. 1744, pp. 79-84.] J. H. CHANDLER, RICHARD (d. 1744), printer_and_bookseller in partnership with Cæsar Ward, carried on business in London (at the Ship, just without Temple Bar), in York (Coney Street), and in Scarborough. In 1737 they issued an octavo catalogue of twenty-two pages descriptive of books sold and published by them. The firm became the proprietors in 1739 of the printing business of Alexander Staples of Coney Street, and of the York Courant,' which was subsequently edited and published by Ward alone. Among the books printed by them at York were: The Trial of the Notorious Highwayman Richard Turpin at York Assizes, on the 22nd day of March 1739,' 1739, 8vo; 'Neuropathia, autore Milcolumbo Flemyng, M.D.' 1740, 8vo; Reliquiæ Eboracenses, per H[eneage] D[ering], Ripensem,' 1743, 8vo, and a few others. They also published: A General Dictionary, Historical and Critical,' 1734-41, 10 vols. folio; 'A New Abridgement of the State Trials to 1737,' folio; Jus Parliamentarium by Wm. Petyt,' 1739, folio, and other works of less importance. While still in partnership with Ward, Chandler undertook, apparently as a private speculation, an extensive work, The History and Proceedings of the House of Commons from the Restoration to the present time [1743], containing the most remarkable mo tions, speeches, resolves, reports, and conferences to be met with in that interval,' 1742-4, 14 vols., the last volume printed by William Sandby, who was Chandler's successor. On the publication of the first eight volumes Chandler was admitted to an audience with Frederick, prince of Wales, who accepted the dedication. A companion work, sometimes erroneously ascribed to Chandler, was published by Ebenezer Timberland, also of Ship Yard, Temple Bar, The History and Proceedings of the House of Lords from the Restoration in 1660 to the Present Time,' 1742-3, 8 vols. 8vo, with the announcement that 'the general good reception which Mr. Chandler's edition' of the debates of the House of Commons met with had 'induc'd him to publish the debates of the House of Lords during the same period.' At one time Ward and Chandler seem to have been in prosperous circumstances. Gent says 'they carried on abundance of business in the bookselling way' (Life, p. 191); the enterprise shown in opening shops at London, York, and Scarborough was unusual in those days. Gent also informs us that Chandler's 'Debates,' 'by the run they seemed to take, one would have imagined that he would have ascended to the apex of his desires; but, alas! his thoughts soared too high' (ib. 191). He fell into debt, and, to avoid the shame of a debtors' prison, Chandler blew his brains out in bed in the early part of the year 1744. His partner Ward struggled on until June 1745, when his name appeared in the 'London Gazette. [Life of Thomas Gent, printer, of York, by himself, 1832; R. Davies's Memoir of the York Press, 1868, pp. 242-8; Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. v. 151.] H. R. T. CHANDLER, RICHARD (1738-1810), classical antiquary and traveller, son of Daniel Chandler, was born at Elson, in Hampshire, in 1738. He was educated at Winchester school, on the foundation. He entered Queen's College, Oxford, on 9 May 1755, and obtained a demyship at Magdalen College, 24 July 1757, becoming in 1770 (25 July) a probationer fellow of the same society. Shortly after taking his degree of B.A. he published, anonymously, in 1759, Elegiaca Græca,' being the fragments of Tyrtæus, Simonides, Theognis, Alcæus, Sappho, and others, accompanied by succinct notes. This book Chandler printed without accents. His first publication of magnitude was his description of the Oxford Marbles. On the acquisition of the Pomfret portion of the Arundel Marbles in 1755 the university determined to make provision for a handsome publication of its entire archæological treasures. With this task Chandler was entrusted, and his Marmora Oxoniensia' was published at Oxford ('impensis Academia) in 1763. It was a sumptuous folio volume in two parts, describing the lapidary inscriptions in the collections as well as the statues and other antiquities. The decipherment of the inscriptions had already been attempted by Selden, whose work was afterwards edited by Dean Prideaux; Maittaire had also undertaken a more elaborate edition, but he omitted to transcribe or collate the inscriptions, which, indeed, Prideaux had pronounced a hopeless task. The second part of the Marmora' was illustrated by a number of plates of the statues and antiquities, drawn and engraved by J. Miller. The style is not very true to the original, and the busts, in particular, are very badly represented. The Pomfret section of the Arundel Marbles had been abominably 'restored' by the Italian sculptor Guelfi; these restorations have now for the most part been done away with, in accordance with the advice of Prof. C. T. Newton, but the engravings in Chandler's book display the marbles as restored by Guelfi. The sculptures described by Chandler (now in the university galleries, Oxford) have been since re-described by Prof. A. Michaelis in his 'Ancient Marbles in Great Britain' (p. 538 ff.), who throughout gives references to the 'Marmora Oxoniensia." In 1764 Chandler was introduced to the society of Dilettanti by Wood, the editor of the Ruins of Palmyra,' and, being already favourably known by his 'Marmora,' was commissioned by the society to undertake a tour of exploration at its expense in Asia Minor and Greece. This was the first independent mission of the society (which had been formed about 1733 by some gentlemen fond of classical travel and antiquities). Chandler was accompanied by Nicholas Revett, an architect who had already given proof of his abilities in connection with Stuart's 'Ruins of Athens,' and by a young painter of talent named Pars. Chandler himself was appointed treasurer for the little party, and had the command of the expedition. The instructions drawn up by the Dilettanti Society (17 May 1761) directed the travellers to make Smyrna their headquarters, and thence 'to make excursions to the several remains of antiquity in that neighbourhood;' to make exact plans and measurements, to make 'accurate drawings of the bas-reliefs and ornaments,' copying all the inscriptions you shall meet with, and keeping minute diaries.' Chandler and his companions embarked at Gravesend on 9 June 1764, and spent about a year in Asia Minor. Among the places which they visited, and which Chandler in |