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29 July 1882), and invented all the valuable improvements which have made the modern 'Hansom cab.' A patent for it was granted to him and a capitalist, Mr. Gillett, on 31 Dec. 1836, and it was enrolled 21 June 1837. In 1838 he became deacon and superintendent of the Sunday schools of a baptist chapel then in Edward Street, and removed in 1840 to Praed Street; and about the same time he was helping in the management of the Mechanic's Almanac,'the Baptist Examiner,' the 'Shareholder's Advocate,' and the 'Railway Times,' whilst (at a later period) he contributed to the Times,' 'Morning Advertiser,' Economist,' 'Daily News,' 'Leader,' &c. In 1842 he was employed by George Thompson [q.v.], especially to consider the position of India and its trade and rights (see Chapman's Cotton and Commerce, pref. p. x), and in 1844 he laid before the railway department of the board of trade a project for constructing the Great Indian Peninsular Railway (his own manuscripts). He was laughed at at first as a visionary (ib.), but after nearly three years' assiduous endeavour the Great Indian Peninsular Railway Company was started, with offices at 3 New Broad Street, and Chapman landed at Bombay in September 1845 to make preliminary investigations. He was received by the provisional committee of his company at Bombay with the greatest cordiality (ib. p. xii), and he returned home in 1846 with his plans matured and his report completed. His projected route was submitted to Robert Stephenson, who approved of it, but dissensions among the directors caused an abrupt severance between Chapman and his company. His claim for payment for his services was submitted for arbitration to the East India Company, and he was awarded the one final payment of 2,5007.

Chapman's sympathies with India never cooled. He issued a pamphlet in October 1847 on the cotton and salt question, entitled 'Remarks on Mr. Aylwin's Letter,' &c., and presented to parliament on behalf of native merchants in the Bombay presidency a petition in four oriental languages respecting the reform of civil government in India (Gen. Bapt. Mag. 1856, p. 215). He prosecuted his inquiries about Indian cotton from 1848 to 1850 in Manchester and other places in preparation for his book, 'The Cotton and Commerce of India,' which he issued on 1 Jan. 1851. This he followed by two papers in the 'Westminster Review,' one on 'The Government of India' (April 1852), and another on "Our Colonial Empire' (October, same year). In March 1853 he issued 'Principles of Indian Reform... concerning... the Promotion of India Public Works,' which went through a

second edition at once, and wrote 'Baroda and Bombay,' a protest against the removal of Colonel Outram from his post as resident at the Guikwar's court at Baroda; a copy was sent to every member of parliament, with the result that Outram was quickly reinstated. Two months later, in May, he wrote an introductory preface, at the request of the Bombay Association, to Nowrozjee and Furdoonjee's 'Civil Administration of the Bombay Presidency;' his paper, 'India and its Finance,' appeared in the Westminster Review' for July that year; his 'Constitutional Reform,' in the same pages, in January 1854; and his Civil Service' in the number for July. A great scheme for the irrigation of India was also being prepared by him, and he was in constant communication concerning it with the board of control. His unwearied activity had obtained for him the support of Cobden, Bright, Macaulay, Sir Charles Napier, Herbert Spencer, and others. He visited Loughborough in August 1854. After his return to town, he was suddenly seized with cholera on Sunday, 10 Sept. 1854, and died on the following day, aged 53. On his desk was an unfinished paper, a review of Humboldt's 'Sphere and Duties of Government;' and almost immediately after his death the government sanction for his irrigation scheme was delivered in full form at his door. His unfinished paper appeared in its incomplete state in the Westminster Review' of the next month, October; and the editor paid his talents the rare compliment of reprinting his 'Government of India' paper in a subsequent number. He was buried in Kensal Green cemetery. His wife and three out of ten children survived him.

[General Baptist Magazine, 1856, pp. 172-5, 1833, scattered from 11 Sept. to 3 Dec.; Pad209-17, 293, 296, 330-1; Nottingham Review, dington Mercury, 29 July 1882; Repertory of Patent Inventions, November 1837, No. xlvii. new series, pp. 272-80; Chapman's Baroda and Bombay, p. 148; Chapman's Cotton and Commerce of India, preface, pp. x, xiii, and text, pp. 240, 242, 369; Chapman's manuscripts in possession of his son, J. W. Chapman, architect; private information.]

J. H.

CHAPMAN, MARY FRANCIS (18381884), novelist, was born on 28 Nov. 1838, at Dublin, where her father held a situation in the custom house. Mr. Chapman being soon afterwards transferred to the London customs, his family came with him to England, and his daughter was placed at a school at Staplehurst in Kent. She early displayed an aptitude for story-writing, and part of her first novel, 'Mary Bertrand,' she composed at

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the age of fifteen. It was published in 1856, when the author was only eighteen. It was followed by 'Lord Bridgnorth's Niece,' which appeared in 1862. In 1869 she contributed to the Churchman's Family Magazine' an historical tale, called 'Bellasis; or, the Fortunes of a Cavalier;' it was the joint production of herself and her father. A visit to Scotland, where her elder brother had settled as a clergyman of the Scotch episcopal church, led to her writing, in 1875, A Scotch Wooing,' the first of her books that attracted attention. In 1876 appeared her best novel, 'Gerald Marlowe's Wife.' Her last work, published in 1879, was' The Gift of the Gods.' This appeared under her own name; in her previous publications she had used the pseudonym of J. C. Ayrton.' Miss Chapman died, after a long illness, at Old Charlton, on 18 Feb. 1884. Her novels are, with the exception of Bellasis,' tales of domestic life, with comparatively little incident, but marked by good feeling and refined taste. Her chief gift was an unusual power of writing easy and natural dialogue.

CHAPMAN, SIR STEPHEN REMNANT (1776–1851), officer in the royal engineers, and governor of Bermuda, eldest son of Richard Chapman of Tainfield House, near Taunton, by Mary, daughter of Stephen Remnant, was born at Tainfield House in 1776. He received his professional education at Woolwich, and entered the royal engineers as second lieutenant on 18 Sept. 1793, and was promoted lieutenant on 20 Nov. 1796. He first saw service in the unfortunate expedition to the Helder in 1799, and was promoted captainlieutenant on 18 April 1801, and captain on 2 March 1805. He served in the expedition to Copenhagen in 1807, and was ordered to join the army in Portugal at the same time as Sir Arthur Wellesley, in March 1809. He soon rose high in the estimation of Wellesley and of the commanding royal engineer, Colonel Fletcher. He was employed in the neighbourhood of Lisbon in preparing for its defence during the campaign of Talavera, and if he did not actually suggest the formation of the famous lines of Torres Vedras, he was certainly the chief assistant of Colonel Fletcher in the fortification of them; his thorough knowledge of the ground made his co-operation invaluable, and in a despatch to Lord Wellington, Colonel Fletcher speaks of his services in the very highest terms (Wellington Supplementary Despatches, vi. 537). In 1810 he went to the front, and was commanding royal engineer present at the battle of Busaco, when his services were specially

mentioned in despatches. Towards the close of 1810 he was appointed, by Lord Mulgrave, the master-general of the Ordnance, to the important office of secretary to the mastergeneral (Wellington Despatches, iv. 470). Wellington did yet more for him, for after repeated solicitation he secured his promotion to the rank of major, antedated to the day of the battle of Busaco, and on 26 April 1812 he was promoted lieutenant-colonel in the army, and on 21 July 1813 lieutenantcolonel in the royal engineers. He continued to fill the office of secretary to the mastergeneral of the Ordnance until Dec. 1818. He was promoted colonel on 29 July 1825. For several years to 1831 he acted as civil secretary at Gibraltar, and in the latter year he was knighted and appointed governor of the Bermuda or Somers Islands. In Bermuda he remained until 1839, and the most important duty which he had to perform during his term of office was to carry into effect the emancipation of the slaves there in 1834. He did not again leave England; in 1837 he was promoted major-general, and in 1846 lieutenant-general. He was made colonel-commandant Royal Engineers 1850, and he died at Tainfield House on 6 March 1851.

[R. Mil. Cal.; Gentleman's Mag., April 1851; Williams's The Bermudas, 1846.] H. M. S.

CHAPMAN, THOMAS (1717-1760), prebendary of Durham, was born at Bellingham, Northumberland, in 1717. He was educated at Richmond grammar school, Yorkshire, and Christ's College, Cambridge, where he obtained a fellowship. In 1746 he was appointed master of Magdalene College. He received the degree of LL.D. in 1748, when he served the office of vice-chancellor, and was appointed one of the king's chaplains. In 1749 he received the degree of D.D., and was appointed rector of Kirkby-over-Blow, Yorkshire. The following year he was appointed to the prebendal stall at Durham, and in 1758 official to the dean and chapter. He died 9 June 1760. He was author of Essay on the Roman Senate,' 1750, translated into French in 1765. Hurd refers to him as 'in nature a vain and busy man.'

[Gent. Mag. xxx. 298; Hutchinson's Durham, ii. 182; Letters from a late eminent Prelate, 305, 307, 3rd ed.; Nichols's Anecdotes, i. 552, 562, ii. 615-16, iii. 622.]

T. F. H.

CHAPMAN, WALTER (1473?-1538?), Scottish printer. [See CHEPMAN.]

CHAPMAN, WILLIAM (1749-1832), engineer, was the son of William Chapman, an engineer at Whitby, who invented &

machine for converting salt-water into fresh (described in the Philosophical Transactions for 1758?), and discovered a saurian, called after him Teleosaurus Chapmanni. William Chapman the younger, born in 1749, became an eminent engineer. He was a friend of Watt and Matthew Boulton [q. v.] He was engineer of the Kildare canal, and consulting engineer to the grand canal of Ireland. In conjunction with Rennie, he was engineer of the London Docks and of the south dock and basin at Hull. He was also engineer to Leith, Scarborough, and Seaham harbours, the last of which he constructed. In 1812 he patented a new locomotive to work on the Heaton railway, in which chains were so arranged that the wheels could never leave the rails, but it was found so clumsy in action that the plan was soon abandoned (SMILES, George Stephenson, p. 73). Chapman patented several other inventions and was the author of many essays and reports upon engineering subjects. He died on 19 May

1832.

His chief works are: 1. 'Observations on the various Systems of Canal Navigation, with inferences practical and mathematical, in which Mr. Fulton's system of wheelboats and the utility of subterraneous and of small canals are particularly investigated,' 1797. 2. 'Facts and Remarks relative to the Witham and the Welland,' &c., 1800. 3. On the Improvement of Boston Haven,' 1800. 4. 'Observations on the Prevention of a future Scarcity of Grain,' &c., 1803. 5. Treatise on the progressive Endeavours to improve the Manufacturing of Cordage,' 1805, 1808. 6. 'Observations on the proposed Corn Laws,' 1815. 7. Treatise on the Preservation of Timber from premature Decay,' 1817. Chapman contributed papers on the formation of mineral coal to Thomson's 'Annals of Philosophy' (1816), vii. 460, and on improvements in the old Rotterdam steam engine to the Rotterdam 'Niewe Verhandl.' (1800), i. 154178.

[Information from Mr. J. H. Chapman, F.S.A.; Cat. Scientific Papers; Pantheon of the Age (1825), i. 329.]

CHAPONE, HESTER (1727-1801), essayist, was born on 27 Oct. 1727, at Twywell, Northamptonshire, her birthplace being a fine Elizabethan mansion, then standing on the north side of the church there (COLE, Memoirs of Mrs. Chapone, pp. 6, 8). Her father was Thomas Mulso; her mother, a remarkably beautiful woman, was a daughter of Colonel Thomas, himself known as 'Handsome Thomas' (Mrs. Chapone's Works and Life, 1807, i. 2). The two families of Mulso and

Thomas were doubly connected by a marriage between Mr. Mulso's sister and Mrs. Mulso's brother, the Rev. Dr. Thomas, bishop successively of Peterborough, Salisbury, and Winchester. Hester had several brothers, but was the only daughter to survive childhood. She wrote a short romance, 'The Loves of Amoret and Melissa,' at nine years of age, and exhibited so much promise that her mother became jealous, and suppressed her child's literary efforts. When the mother died, Hester managed her father's house, and used the time she could spare from domestic duties to study French, Italian, Latin, music, drawing. She quickly attracted notice. Johnson admitted four billets of hers in the 'Rambler' on 21 April 1750 (Rambler, No. 10). Visiting an aunt, a widowed Mrs. Donne, at Canterbury, she came to know Duncombe and Elizabeth Carter [q. v.]; and through Clarissa worship' she made acquaintance with Richardson and Thomas Edwards, to whom she wrote an ode (NICHOLS, Lit. Anecd. ii. 201, note). Miss Talbot wrote to Elizabeth Carter 17 Dec. 1750, Pray, who and what is Miss Mulso ?' and declared that she honoured her, and wanted to know more of her (Mrs. CARTER, Letters, i. 370-3). In her correspondence with Richardson she signed herself his 'ever obliged and affectionate child;' and in Miss Highmore's drawing of Richardson reading 'Sir Charles Grandison' to his friends in his grotto at North End, Hammersmith, she occupies the central place. Richardson, who called her 'a little spitfire,' delighted in her sprightly conversation; she called 'Rasselas' on its first appearance 'an ill-contrived, unfinished, unnatural, and uninstructive tale.' After an illness caught during a visit to her uncle, Dr. Thomas, bishop of Peterborough, Hester Mulso sent an 'Ode to Health' to Miss Carter from London on 12 Nov. 1751. Another 'Ode' sent to Miss Carter was printed with that lady's Epictetus.' Miss Mulso paid a visit to Miss Carter at Deal in the August of 1752. In July and August of 1753 she contributed the Story of Fidelia' to Hawkesworth's 'Adventurer' (Nos. 77-9), and was frequently Richardson's guest at North End the same year. She was present at a large party there when Dr. Johnson brought Anna Williams with him, and she states that he looked after the poor afflicted lady with all the loving care of a fond father to his daughter' (Works and Life, i. 72-4).

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Miss Mulso met an attorney named Chapone, to whom Richardson had shown many attentions, and she fell in love with him. Mr. Mulso would not at first hear of the marriage, but he yielded in 1760. Before obtaining her father's consent Miss Mulso wrote

her 'Matrimonial Creed,' in seven articles of belief, and addressed it to Richardson. Her wedding took place on 30 Dec. 1760 (Gent. Mag. xxxi. 43), her brother Thomas being married to Pressy,' daughter of General Prescott, at the same time. She went first to lodgings in Carey Street, and then to a house in Arundel Street (Works and Life, i. 123). Mrs. Barbauld has said that the Chapones' married life, short as it was, was not happy; Mrs. Chapone's relatives call this a complete error (ib. pp. 126-9), and they say Mrs. Chapone's love for her husband remained so intense, that years after she was a widow she could never look upon a miniature she had of him without being convulsed with grief. In September 1761 Chapone was seized with fever, and died on the 19th, when Mrs. Chapone was taken to Thomas Mulso's house in Rathbone Place, and for twenty-three days her life was despaired of. She was then removed by her friends the Burrows family to their lodgings in Southampton Street; she paid other visits, and finding herself mistress of a small income, to which there was some addition when her father died in 1763 (ib.), she made no change in her circumstances and condition from that time to the end. For the daughter of her brother, John Mulso, a beneficed clergyman at Thornhill, near Wakefield, Yorkshire, Mrs. Chapone wrote in 1772 her best known essays, the 'Letters on the Improvement of the Mind' (ib. p. 4). The work was published anonymously, in an edition of 1,500 copies, in 1773 (2 vols.), and dedicated to Mrs. Montagu. It brought Mrs. Chapone many entreaties from persons of consideration to undertake the education of their daughters, and reached a third edition in 1774, though by the author's friendliness to her bookseller her 'pockets were none the heavier.' In 1775 her 'Miscellanies' came out, comprising 'Fidelia' and other fugitive matter, with a few poems, the earliest written in 1749. In 1777 she published a pamphlet, a 'Letter to a New Married Lady. In 1778 she was staying at Farnham Castle with her uncle, then bishop of Winchester, when the bishop was visited by the king and the queen; queen introduced the princess royal to her, saying she hoped her daughter had adequately profited by Miss Chapone's 'Letters on the Improvement of the Mind.' The death of the bishop's wife, Mrs. Thomas, took place the same year as this visit, 1778; in 1781 the bishop himself died; in 1782, Edward Mulso, Mrs. Chapone's youngest brother, died; and these and other deaths among her intimates touched Mrs. Chapone deeply. She hoped to have made a happy home at Winchester, where her brother John had become prebendary, and where his daughter

was married to the Rev. Benjamin Jeffreys, belonging to Winchester College; but John died in 1791, a few months after the death of his wife in 1790. She lost Captain William Mulso, her nephew, by shipwreck, in 1797, and Thomas, her last and most intimate brother, in 1799; the final blow came to her by the untimely death of Mrs. Jeffreys, her niece, in childbirth in 1800. Wishing for a quiet retreat she hired a house at Hadley, to be near Miss Amy Burrows, and took her youngest niece as her companion; but here her health failed rapidly, and she died on Christmas day 1801, aged 74.

Mrs. Chapone could sing exquisitely, and was skilful enough at drawing to sketch Miss Carter for Richardson. She was a contributor to the Gentleman's Magazine' (Index, vol. iii. Preface, lxxiv); and her works passed through many editions, retaining their high repute for a lengthened period. The Improvement' reappeared at Edinburgh about 1780, where the author's name stands Champone. London editions of it were issued in 1810, 1815, 1829 (illustrated by Westall), and in 1844, exclusive of other issues in 1812 and 1821, when Dr. Gregory's 'Advice to a Daughter' was bound with it. A new edition of the 'Miscellanies' was published in 1787; the 'Works,' with a 'Life drawn up by her own Family,' 4 vols., appeared in 1807; an edition of Posthumous Works,' 2 vols., the same year, of which there was a second edition in 1808, faced by Mrs. Chapone's portrait, cut from Miss Highmore's 'Grandison' group already mentioned. Mrs. Chapone's works were also included by Chalmers in his edition of the British Essayists,' vol. xxiii.

[Works of Mrs. Chapone, with Life drawn up by her own Family, 1807, i. 2, 188, ii. 2-24; Cole's Memoirs of Mrs. Chapone, 4, 6, 39, 41; Mrs. Barbauld's Correspondence of Samuel Richardson, i. (Life) excviii, ii. Frontispiece and p. 258, iii. 170-1, 197, 207, iv. 6, 20, 24, vi. 121; Gent. Mag. xxxi. 43, 430, vol. lxxi. pt. ii. pp. 1216-17; Mrs. Carter's Letters, i. 370, 373, ii. 89, 98, 114, 163, 176, 238, 388; Boswell's Johnson, Malone's 1823 ed. iv. 213-14; Mme. D'Arblay's Diary, ed. 1854, ii. 183, 206-14, 235, 244-5, J. H.

284, v. 231, vi. 157–8, 184–5, 211.]

CHAPPELL, WILLIAM (1582–1649), bishop of Cork, was the son of Robert Chappell, and born at Laxton, Nottinghamshire, on 10 Dec. 1582. He was educated 'in grammaticals' at Mansfield grammar school, and when seventeen years old was sent to Christ's College, Cambridge, where he was elected a scholar. His career at the university was distinguished above that of most of his fellows. Want of means threatened at one time to sever his connection with

Cambridge, but the hope of a fellowship was held out to him, and in 1607 this hope was fulfilled. As a college tutor his fame spread far and wide. Milton was at first placed under his charge, and Mr. Masson extracted from the college records and published in his life of Milton the names of many other youths entered under Chappell and his fellow-tutors. John Shaw, the well-known vicar of Rotherham, styled him 'a very acute learned man, and a most painfull and vigilant tutor.' Hieron, a well-known puritan divine, gives him the highest character as 'a learned, painfull, careful tutor.' He was called 'a rich magazine of rational learning,' and was praised by Fuller as a most subtle disputant.' An instance of Chappell's excellence in disputation occurred in 1615. He was an opponent in a disputation held before James I on certain points of controversy between protestantism and the papacy, and is said, so runs the general story, to have pushed his case so hard, that the respondent, William Roberts of Trinity, afterwards bishop of Bangor, fell away in a swoon. The king himself then entered the lists, but fared little better in the discussion, and thereupon gracefully retired from the contest with compliments on Chappell's excellence. This is the accepted version of antiquity, but it has been discovered that it was Cecil, the moderator, who fainted, and that he had been in bad health for some time. The strictness of Chappell's conversation while at Christ's was proverbial in the university, but his days were not absolutely happy, for there were a few theologians at Cambridge who accused him of Arminianism, a charge which was also brought against him in later life, while by most of his contemporaries he was deemed a puritan. Whether he was unduly severe towards the young men under his care is equally doubtful, but he was the tutor who has been accused of having whipped Milton, and it is certain that the young undergraduate was transferred to another's charge. After he had spent many years in college life at Cambridge, he obtained the patronage of Laud. Through Laud's influence he was appointed to the deanery of Cashel, being installed on 20 Aug. 1633; and through the same means he was nominated provost of Trinity College, Dublin. Chappell preferred, or professed to prefer, a more retired life, and he spent some months in England (May to August 1634) in vain endeavours to escape this distinction. His election as provost took place on 21 Aug. 1634, but, through the delay caused by a change in the college statutes, he was not sworn in until 5 June 1637. For two years, from 1636 to

1638, he held the post of treasurer of St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, but in the latter year he was elevated, through the partiality of Laud and Strafford, to the see of Cork and Ross, and was consecrated bishop at St. Patrick's, Dublin, on 11 Nov. 1638. His love of retirement led him to decline the honour of being raised to the episcopal bench, but his wishes were again overruled, and through the royal pressure he was compelled to retain the provostship of Trinity College until 20 July 1640. His eyes were ever turned towards the shores of England, and he applied to be transferred to a smaller bishopric in his native country, but his wishes were not gratified. When Laud and Strafford fell under the condemnation of parliament, their friends were involved in their ruin. Chappell was attacked in the House of Commons with great fury, and was for some time placed under restraint in Dublin. It was his misfortune to be regarded while at Cambridge as a puritan through the strictness of his life, and to be considered in Ireland as a papist through his love of ceremonies. He was at last liberated from his confinement, and on 26 Dec. 1641 he sailed away towards England. The terrors of the voyage, which he himself described, did not diminish the pleasure with which, after being tossed on the deep for twenty-four hours, he landed at Milford. He soon moved to Pembroke, and thence to Tenby, pithily designated the worst of all towns, where he was again thrown into prison by the authority of the mayor (25 Jan. 1642). Helanguished in confinement until 16 March, when he secured his freedom through the intercession of Sir Hugh Owen, baronet and member for the borough of Pembroke; but Chappell's liberation was not effected until he had given his own bond for 1,000l. to hold the mayor harmless. Even then further troubles awaited him. On his arrival at Bristol he found that the ship bearing the books which he loved had been wrecked off Minehead, and that his treasures were beneath the seas. Worn out with misfortunes, he retired to his native soil. During the rebellion he spent some time in Bilsthorpe in Nottinghamshire, in the company of Gilbert Benet, the rector of the parish, and when he died at Derby on Whit Sunday, 14 May 1649, his body was carried to Bilsthorpe and buried near that of his mother on 16 May. His younger brother, John Chappell, a good preacher and theologian, predeceased him, and was buried in the church of Mansfield Woodhouse. A monument to the memory of both brothers was placed in Bilsthorpe Church by Richard Sterne, archbishop of York. Chappell left his property equally between his own kin