Blacking Up, Passing Down: The Minstrel Legacy in George Gershwin's Porgy and Bess and Walt Disney's Mickey Mouse

African American ambiguous American culture American music American popular music analysis appear appropriate argue articulated aspects attempt audiences authentic became become blackface minstrelsy character characterizations Chicago classical considered context continues copy critical cultural Dan Emmett dance difference discourse discuss Disney distinctions early economic Ellison enabled essay examined exist experience face fact fascination figures framework George Gershwin Gershwin gestures global Harlem helped identity ideology imitation interest interpretation Ironically jazz Jazz Age Jewish Jews legacy male means Mickey Mouse Mickey's minstrel show minstrel tradition musicological Negro never nineteenth nineteenth-century nineteenth-century blackface notions opera parody passing perceived performers phenomenon play popular music Porgy and Bess present primitive production race racial representation represents Roediger seems sense significant slave social society song sound speaks stage stereotypes story suggests transformation turn twentieth century University Press voice Western writes York