scribing produce; and their patriotic feelings would be more readily reconciled to exporting the provisions which they had themselves raised, than to exporting specie for the purpose of purchasing provisions elsewhere. I do not wish, however, by any means that the committee should confine their supplies to the articles I have mentioned. I would have them furnish wheat, barley, and other grain, likewise in proportion to the means which they have at their command, and more especially biscuit, which is a most essential article. My idea, I repeat, is to substitute gelatin and cheese for a part only of the provisions to be sent out, and not for the whole. The manner of making broths with dry gelatin is as follows: -The quantity intended to be employed is first weighed and then cut into small pieces, which are left to steep in water till the acid is completely gone; this will require ten or twelve hours. Hot water is better for this purpose than cold. To a third of an ounce of gelatin add three-quarters of a pint of water, and a sufficient quantity of vegetables and spices to give it a relish put them on the fire to boil: add also a little dripping to produce an oily appearance on the surface. The relish will be further improved if the colour of meat broth be given, which is easily done by burnt sugar, or burnt onion, or baked carrot, or a bit of toast. The broth made in this way, though less savory than if made of meat, is not less nourishing: when cool, it turns to jelly, which meat broths do very rarely, and may be used as a substitute for isinglass. The jelly is quite pure and tasteless. It forms a sauce with gravy, and with bitter almonds, blancmange. Mons. Michelot, in a memoir published in the Revue Encyclopedique, tom. xiii. p. 19, recommends that gelatin should be put into vegetable broths, which afford little nourishment, and are apt, when taken in quantity, to turn sour on the stomach. He calculated that forty pounds of gelatin would be sufficient for 2000 half-pint basins of broth. The bones of butcher's meat consumed at Paris would furnish daily this quantity of broth to 600,000 persons, and the bones of pork, game, and poultry to 120,000 more. Mons. Darcet proposed to ford soups instead of water. use gelatin broth in the RumThe bones which pass through the kitchens at Paris, according to his computation, would serve for 1,200,000 basins of Rumford soup. My views are somewhat different. I do not aim at discovering the minimum of food necessary to the support of human life. My allowance would extend to an ounce of gelatin per day, which would be enough for two or three basins of vegetable broth, and a pound of bread. But my estimate so far differs from that of M. Michelot, that I should allow to 200,000 individuals what he would give to three times that number. If to four pints and a-half of water, and one ounce of gelatin, be added eight ounces of meat, we shall have a broth as good in appearance and flavour as if it had been made with three times the quantity of meat. Thus, by the new process, there is a saving, not only when gelatin alone is employed, but also when (to have a broth possessing more relish) a fourth part of the meat which would be necessary in ordinary cookery, is added to a quantity of gelatin equivalent to the substance of the other three parts. From a report delivered by the faculty of medicine at Paris, it appears that one hundred weight of raw meat will yield sixtyseven of roast meat, or fifty pounds of boiled, and two hundred basins of broth. It appears further that one hundred weight of meat of which twenty-five pounds is made into broth with three pounds of gelatinous matter, will yield two hundred basins of broth, and twelve pounds and a-half of boiled meat, leaving seventy-five pounds, from which may be obtained fifty pounds of roast meat. By this method, then, we get the same quantity of broth as before, fifty pounds of roast meat and twelve pounds and a-half boiled: the gelatinous matter at the rate of two shillings per pound, the price charged for it at Paris, would cost about six shillings; but the cost of this is more than covered by the twelve pounds and a half of boiled meat. The price of dried gelatin may, as I have stated above, be readily brought down to one shilling and three-pence per pound. In that case, a man's food, seasoning included, would cost three half-pence, and the reduction of the rations of bread and vegetables would occasion a saving at least to that amount. 393 Atlas Ethnographique du Globe, ou Classification des Peuples Anciens et Modernes d'après leurs Langues; précédé d'un Discours sur l'Utilité et l'Importance de l'Etude des Langues appliquées à plusieurs branches des Connoissances Humaines; d'un Aperçu sur les Moyens Graphiques employés par les différens Peuples de la Terre; d'un Coup-d'œil sur 'Histoire de la Langue Slave et sur la marche progressive de la Civilisation en Russie, avec environ sept-cents Vocabulaires des principaux Idiomes connus; et suivi du Tableau Physique, Moral et Politique des cinq Parties du Monde; dédié à l'Empereur Alexandre, par Adrien Balbi, Professeur de Géographie, de Physique, et de Mathématiques. Un vol. in folio, et un vol. in oct. Prix 30 francs. Chez Rey et Gravier, quai des Augustins. LANGUAGES, in the permanency of their characters, their analogies and mutual relation, contain the history of every people essential guides in the labyrinth of the descent of nations, the study of them is indispensable to all who would investigate the races from whence nations have sprung, or who would undertake their methodical arrange ment. M. Adrien Balbi, already advantageously known by his Compendio di Giographia universale, and his Essai Statistique sur le Royaume de Portugal, has profited by the researches of the most distinguished philologists to complete a work of which no previous example existed, but of the first importance in a variety of questions which relate to History, Geography, and Philology. Discarding hypothesis, and uninfluenced by system, he has united, under the title of the Atlas Ethnographique du Globe, all the well-established facts which the study of languages, alike vast and difficult, had previously made known. With discretion to doubt, where many others would unhesitatingly decide, he rarely if ever conducts to error; and reasoning skilfully, wherever the facts are sufficient to bear him out, his discussions are calculated to place probabilities in the clearest light. Undismayed by the innumerable difficulties, which presented themselves at every step in the execution of his prodigious undertaking, he has classed all the known languages, according to their analogies or differences, in groupes, règnes, and familles ; these latter are again subdivided into langues, dialectes, sous-dialectes, variétés, and patois. The connexion of the principal divisions of Ethnography is traced with the leading APRIL-JUNE, 1827. 2 D features of History and Geography; and the genealogical roll of the human race, from the earliest times to the present day, is unfolded, with equal conciseness and sagacity. The work of M. Balbi upon languages may be compared to those of Linneus and Jussieu upon plants, of Cuvier upon animals, and of Brogniart upon mineral substances. To a general classification, it adds a specific description of each language, conceived in few words, but comprehending every point important in discrimination, or interesting in respect to general knowledge. M. Balbi has rendered a great service to men of letters and to the world in general, in thus collecting and methodically arranging, in a single work, a vast variety of facts, previously scattered in numberless publications and in different languages; many of the publications from whence they are drawn being also rare, and others of great cost. Guided by the advice, and aided by the zealous co-operation of several of the most distinguished authors of France, and of the continents of Europe and America, the subjects on which he treats have frequently the additional value of the sanction of the names of the highest authority in each. We proceed to lay before our readers an outline of the work itself, conceiving that, by such means, we shall best enable them to form their own estimate of its utility and importance. The Atlas Ethnographique du Globe consists of three distinct parts:-1st, The Introduction, being one volume in octavo; 2nd, the Atlas, one volume in folio; and, 3rd, the Tableau physique, moral, et politique des cinq parties du monde: the third part is still in the press, but is announced for publication in September, and will form a second octavo volume. The first and second parts are alone the subject of the present notice. The introduction contains, first, a preliminary discourse; and, second, a treatise in accompaniment and reference to the Atlas. The preliminary discourse commences with a review of the brilliant results derived in our own æra from the study now so extensively cultivated of the oriental languages, enumerates the principal living philologists,—and points out the important services, which the societies established in the presidencies of British India have already rendered in Ethnography, History, and Geography; and the still more important services, which, in conjunction with the Asiatic Societies of Paris and London, they may be expected to render. It then enters on an examination of the peculiar province, and of the advantages to be derived, from " La Linguistic," or languages considered in their relation to each other. We shall briefly enumerate a few of the principal advantages which are thus contemplated. M. Balbi considers language as the principal character by which nations may be distinguished; and as furnishing occasionally the only guide to the Historian and the Geographer. The truth of this position it would be difficult to contest, since the relation of languages is the only one which, to a certain point, is unalterable; whilst, considered in their geographical or political relations, nations are subject to continual change. To impress more strongly the importance of this hitherto almost neglected study, M. Balbi instances many serious errors committed by authors of distinguished reputation, which would certainly have been avoided, had due regard been paid to Ethnography as an element essential in their reasonings. The application of this science is shown to various branches of human knowledge; to ancient and modern geography; to botany, to zoology, and mineralogy; and in tracing the early progress of civilization in different countries. We may instance as applications which M. Balbi has himself made of the science of which he has endeavoured to establish the foundation,—the proofs which he has collected of the great extension of the Guarami in America; of the Celtic, Germanic, and Basque nations in Europe; of the Persian origin of the Boukares, and of the Ossettes; the common descent of the people of Lapland and of Hungary; and the essential difference between the Ouigours and the Yougours. By an analysis and comparison of their respective languages, he shows that the Lettons have received their civilization from the Germans, and the Amazigh from the Arabians; that these last people have had considerable influence on the civilization of the Portuguese and Spaniards; and by an ingenious investigation, of which the facts supporting it are taken from Crawford's History of the Indian Archipelago, the race inhabiting the South Sea Islands is shown to have possessed a native centre of civilization. By the evidence also of Language, it is proved that the cat, the dog, and the pig are indigenous in that quarter of the globe; and the native country of a variety of other animals, and of plants, is satisfactorily traced. Having shown the many useful purposes to which the examination of languages may be applied, M. Balbi guards against the danger of pressing too far reasonings founded on analogy, or of resting too much on Ethnological inferences, |