recently come from the press. The highest mountain peak in the United States outside of Alaska was named for Professor Whitney, and this fact commemorates fittingly the geologist's pioneer work in exploring the mineral resources of California and much of Washington, Oregon, and Nevada. That work was done in the 60s and 70s, but before that Professor Whitney had had a great part in making known to the world of science the copper deposits of the Lake Superior region as well as the lead fields of Wisconsin and Iowa. Not only was Professor Whitney a pioneer in geological field work, but he was also one of the first Americans to introduce German university methods on this side of the water. He was a brother of Prof. William Dwight Whitney.

Captain Grant Marsh, who brought to civilization the news of Custer's destruction by the Sioux Indians, is the hero of a historical study by Joseph Mills Hanson: "The Conquest of the Missouri." There are maps and a number of portraits and views.

A frank biography of an unusual life is given by Yung Wing, who is one of the commissioners of the Chinese Educational Commission, under the title "My Life in China and America." Mr. Wing, who was for years associate Chinese minister at Washington, has a doctor's degree from Yale, where back in 1854 he took two first prizes in English composition. His account of his early life in China, his career at Yale, his return to his native country and participation in the Taiping rebellion, his association with Li Hung Chang, and his con

1 The Conquest of the Missouri. By Joseph Mills Hanson. McClurg. 458 pp., ill. $2.

2 My Life in China and America. By Yung Wing. Holt. 286 pp.

tributions to the new "Chinese Educational Movement" are all set forth in this volume.

SOCIOLOGICAL WORKS

One of the fields of American economic history in which comparatively few studies have yet been made is that covering the part taken by women. Miss Edith Abbott, of Hull House, Chicago, has been engaged for some years in prosecuting such studies, and the results of her work appear in a volume recently issued by the Appletons.3 Miss Abbott's investigations go back to the Colonial period and the establishment of the factory system in this country and then take up particular industries, such as cotton, boots and shoes, cigar-making, clothing, and printing. The problem of women's wages is briefly discussed and there is a final chapter on public opinion and the working woman.' Miss Abbott supplies numerous references to the authorities consulted and important statistical material is printed at the end of the volume. The book is thoroughly scientific in method and concise and orderly in the presentation of material.

The results of intensive cultivation in the same field are presented in a volume on Women and the Trades "(The Pittsburg Survey), by Elizabeth Beardsley Butler. This investigation, like all of those prosecuted under the name of The Pittsburg Survey, was made possible by the generous appropriations of the Russell Sage Foundation, although the work had been planned by the Charities Publication

JOHN SPARGO, THE SOCIALIST AUTHOR

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on political economy, believes that "socialism must be destroyed to save modern civilization." "Social Service," by Louis F. Post (author of Ethics of Democracy"), consists of a number of essays and studies in the interrelation of producers and consumers in modern civilization. Another little volume of essays on the same subject, handled however with a different style, is Mr. Edward T. Devine's "Social Forces." These essays are based on editorials Dr. Devine has been writing during the past six years as editor of the Survey.

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There is an increasing amount of fiction as well as philosophizing on the subject. In "An Anarchist Woman Mr. Hutchins Hapgood endeavors, so he tells us in his preface, throw light on what may be called the temperament of revolt; to show under what conditions, in connection with what personal qualities, the anarchistic habit of mind arises." In passing it should be said that a second edition of "The Spirit of the Ghetto," by the same author, being studies and sketches of types and character in the East Side Jewish quarter of New York, has been brought out with a number of striking illustrations. A novel entitled "The Socialist,' by Guy Thorne, author of." When It Was Dark," treats of life in present-day England, showing how the desire for social reform has permeated all classes of Britain, from

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the industrial situation in Pittsburg doubtless applies in one phase or another to many other American industrial communities. It is a detailed study of the part played by women in canning and confectionery factories, in the inanufacture of the famous Pittsburg "stogies," in the needle trade, in laundries, in metal, lamp, and glass factories, and in miscellaneous trades. The unusual range of industries having their habitat in Pittsburg makes this survey peculiarly valuable as an exposition of typical industrial conditions in America.

Steady is the increase in the number of volumes that are coming from the press devoted to the expounding and illustrating of the idea of social revolt as it is to-day whether it be called "socialism or "anarchism." One of the honored names in the list of writers on socialistic topics to which respect is always accorded is that of John Spargo. Heubsch has just brought out Mr. Spargo's "Substance of Socialism," which in a clear and compact way logically elaborates the text of its title. The same publisher brings out Edward Bernstein's Evolutionary Socialism." 2 In this good translation (by Edith C. Harvey) from the original German we have the main facts concerning the Bernstein controversy over the ascendency of Karl Marx in the socialistic

camp.

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Turning from advocates of socialism to its opponents we find a vigorous warning" as to the "Menace of Socialism," by W. Lawler Wilson. The author, who is an English writer

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1 The Substance of Socialism. By John Spargo. New York: B. W. Huebsch. 162 pp. $1.

2 Evolutionary Socialism. By Edward Bernstein. New York: B. W. Huebsch. 224 pp. $1.

3 The Menace of Socialism. By W. Lawler Wilson. Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Co. 520 pp. $2.

An authoritative edition, in English, of Kropotkin's "Great French Revolution "" has been brought out in translation by N. F. Dryhurst. Kropotkin's point of view, it will be remembered, is that of "one of the people." He is never tired of insisting that historians of the revolutionary period have largely, if not entirely, overlooked or neglected this phase of the causes leading to the great upheaval. The work is a long one, covering more than 600 pages, and is supplemented with an excellent index.

The valuable papers read at the National Conference of Charities and Corrections held at Buffalo, N. Y., in June, 1909, are contained in a volume of the proceedings recently published.10 In this annual conference practically all active charitable workers, both official and non-official, throughout the Union are represented; and it is maintained by the editor of this volume of proceedings, Mr. Alexander Johnson, that no more timely nor forcible setting forth of the doctrines of the higher charity, and none more useful or suggestive to the social worker, has ever been given by the Conference to the nation than was given at Buffalo. "How to Help' is the title of a compact

A.

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4 Social Service. By Louis F. Post. New York: Wesels. 361 pp. $1. New

5 Social Forces. By Edward T. Devine.

York: Charities Publication Committee. 226 pp.
An Anarchist Woman. By Hutchins Hapgood.
Duffield & Co. 309 pp. $1.25.

7 The Spirit of the Ghetto. By Hutchins Hapgood. Funk & Wagnalls. 312 pp., ill. $1.25. Putnam. 360 pp. $1.35.

8 The Socialist. By Guy Thorne.

The Great French Revolution. By Prince Kropotkin. Putnams. 610 pp. $2.25.

10 Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Corrections at Buffalo, N. Y. Alexander Johnson. 604 pp. $2.

1 How to Help. By Mary Conyngton. 367 pp. $1.50.

Edited by

Macmillan.

manual of practical charity prepared by Mary Conyngton. The book is designed to meet the needs of busy men and women who feel responsibility for meeting the appeals of those in want, and of both volunteer and professional workers in the charity field. It not only states the general principles of relief, but shows how they are applied in definite cases and summarizes helpful suggestions derived from broad experience in charitable work.

ECONOMIC AND INDUSTRIAL PROBLEMS

Mr. James O. Fagan's "Labor and the Railroads "directs our attention to the fact that most of the literature on the American railroad situation as a feature of our industrial life has practically ignored the point of view of the railroad employees themselves, 1,700,000 of whom receive forty-two cents in wages out of every dollar that the railroads earn. Mr. Fagan is entitled to the thanks of the American public for such light as he has been able to throw upon the opinions and policies of the railroad employee.

In connection with the current discussion of the proposition for a central bank in the United States Mr. Robert Emmett Ireton has performed a useful and needed service in bringing together within the compass of a single small volume answers to such leading questions as, What is a central bank? What has been the experience of foreign countries? Would a central bank be a good thing for the United States? What do American bankers think of the scheme? and, What position has been reached by public opinion in the present discussion? Mr. Ireton has had many years of experience as a writer on the financial press of New York City, and a cogent article from his pen on the subject of a central bank appeared in the REVIEW OF REVIEWS for January, 1908. He believes that the principle of the central bank is the true one, and that it is possible to make a practical adaptation of it to our American system, but that there must be the fullest

assurance of freedom from control by "scheming politicians and financiers."

POPULAR SCIENCE

Prof. Percival Lowell's books on astronomy have been more popular than many novels. His creative imagination SO generally receives scientific confirmation, and his style is so lucid,

3

that there is a fascination about all his astronomical treatises. "The Evolution of Worlds," which has just come from the press, is based on a university course of lectures delivered last year before the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It considers the birth of a solar system, all the planets of our own system, the formation of worlds, the life history of a planet, and the death of a world. The illustrations are chiefly from new photographs, although there are many diagrams and charts. A scientific treatise which reads like a fairy tale is Henry C. McCook's "Ant Communities

Labor and the Railroads. By James O. Fagan. Houghton Mifflin. 164 pp. $1.

2 A Central Bank. By Robert Emmett Ireton. New York: Anthony Stumpf Publishing Company. 216 pp. $1.50.

8 The Evolution of Worlds. By Percival Lowell. Macmillan. 262 pp., ill. $2.50.

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and How They Are Governed." These little insects are considered in this volume as social animals. The author, calling his work study in natural civics," analyzes the communal life of the ant and demonstrates the fairness and accuracy of their reputation for wisdom. There are many illustrations and diagrams, one of the most suggestive of which we herewith reproduce. Incidentally, it is interesting to note the fact that it is now more than thirty-two years since Mr. McCook published his first observations of American ants.

EDUCATIONAL LITERATURE

The reports of the National Commissioner of Education are becoming year by year more interesting. One reason for this is the fact that it is now possible to issue the first volume

(An illustration from Henry C. McCook's "Ant Communities and How They Are Governed ")

of the annual report as early as the first week in December next following the closing of the fiscal and scholastic year to which it relates, while the second volume, including the statistical tables, is promised for the first week of the next following month of March. In years past the long delay in the printing of this report made much of the material that it contained practically obsolete by the time that it was put in the hands of the reader. Commissioner Brown is entitled to great credit for bringing about this very desirable change in the publication system of the Bureau, as well as for the up-to-date survey of education throughout the world which is an annual feature of his report. The most cursory perusal of the educational record of the past year in the United States discloses the growing importance of educational interests in this country and their close relation to the Ccountry's economic and commercial interests. The past year was one of remarkable progress in all forms of educational activity, and it is

4 Ant Communities and How They Are Governed. By Henry C. McCook. Harpers. 321 pp., ill. $2. Report of the Commissioner of Education. Vol. Washington: Gove.nment Printing Office. 598

I.

pp.

well that there is a bureau at Washington equipped to follow and record the various manifestations of this activity.

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Dr. Rudolph R. Reeder is the successful superintendent of the New York Orphan Asylum now located at Hastings-on-Hudson. Dr. Reeder's experience in the conduct of this institution ought to be worth something to the managers of other orphanages, for there has been developed at Hastings during the last few years one of the best examples of the cottage system for the care of orphans to be found anywhere in the world. But the things that Dr. Reeder and his associates have learned about children are of interest to the general public as well as to the managers of orphanages. This consideration has induced Dr. Reeder to publish some of the results of his experience in a book entitled 'How Two Hundred Children Live and Learn." The principles and methods of education developed and followed at the Hastings institutions are many of them applicable not only to orphan children but to children in every walk of life. Some of Dr. Reeder's chapters give a new meaning to child training and illustrate in a vivid way the importance of education outside of books. The revelation that is made of institution life will surprise those readers who have been familiar with the older types of asylums and "homes," but the New York Orphan Asylum under Dr. Reeder's management is a distinct departure from the traditional asylum. That, however, is another story. Many pedagogical principles that clearly illustrated from living examples in Dr. Reeder's book are scientifically developed by Prof. M. V. O'Shea, of the University of Wisconsin, in a recent volume on "Social Development and Education."" In the first part of this work the author describes the typical attitudes which the child tends to assume toward the persons with whom he comes into contact in the ordinary situations of life, and explains these attitudes in view of certain fundamental principles of mental development. In the second part the author outlines a plan and method of education designed to make the individual socially efficient. He describes his own point of view as that of a naturalist rather than that of a logician or philosopher, the problem before him being, What can we do in social training considering the nature of the individual and his social needs, rather than what ought we to do viewing the matter from an ideal standpoint? The second volume published as a result of the Backward Children Investigation conducted for the Russell Sage Foundation is "Laggards in Our Schools,"" by Leonard P. Ayres. Broadly speaking, this volume embodies the results of an investigation into the problems of those children who, while perhaps not actually defective in body, mind, or morals, are nevertheless classified as backward," since they do not keep up in their school work with their normal fellows. The investigation was begun

1 How Two Hundred Children Live and Learn. By Rudolph R. Reeder. New York: Charities Publication Committee. 246 pp., ill. $1.25.

2 Social Development and Education. By M. V. O'Shea. Houghton Mifflin. 561 pp. $2.

3 Laggards in Our Schools. By Leonard P. Ayres. New York: Charities Publication Committee. 252 pp., ill. $1.50.

in 1907, and a report of the study in so far as it related to the New York schools was submitted to Superintendent Maxwell and published by him as a part of his annual report for 1908. The most significant of the findings of the investigation are: (1) That the most important causes of retardation of school children can be remedied; (2) that the old-fashioned virtues of regularity of attendance and faithfulness are major elements of success; (3) that some cities are already accomplishing excellent results by measures that can be adopted by all; and (4) that relatively few children are so defective as to prevent success in life.

The bearings of school life upon moral training are admirably summarized by Prof. George Herbert Palmer in the Riverside Educational Monographs, under the title "Ethical and Moral Instruction in Schools."" Professor Palmer urges that when ethical instruction is undertaken in the schools it should be pursued as a science, critically, and that the student should be informed at the outset that the aim of the course is knowledge, not the endeavor to make better men. Further, he would insist that the students themselves do the work; that they do not passively listen to opinions set forth by their instructor, but that they address themselves to research and learn to construct moral judgment which will bear critical inspection.

GENERAL LITERATURE

A second volume of the love letters of great men which are being brought out by the John McBride Company is entitled "Love Letters of 995 It inFamous Royalties and Commanders." cludes (among others) correspondence between Napoleon I. and Josephine, Marie Louise, and the Countess Walewska; George IV. and Mrs. Fitzherbert; Von Moltke and Mary Burt; Henry VIII. and four of his wives; Mary, Queen of Scots, and Bothwell; Nelson and Lady Hamilton; and Lafayette, Cromwell, and Raleigh and their wives. The selection of the letters, as in the preceding volume, is by Lionel Strachey and there are descriptive prefatory sketches by Walter Littlefield.

A collection of psychological studies grouped so as to fall under the heads: Studies of Primitive Man," "Studies of Modern Man," and "Studies of Truth and Suffering," have been brought together under the general title "Echoes of Myself," by the Russian exilerevolutionist, Ivan Narodny. These stories, which are pathetic and rather impressive in their style, the author has subtitled mantic Studies of the Human Soul."

"Ro

A new work of reference, entitled "The Best of the World's Classics," which has been issued under the editorship of Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, comes to us in ten volumes. The work of 220 authors is represented in these volumes, which consider only prose.