A "Totenlaterne " is to be distinguished tity." Dr. Norman Moore in 'D.N.B.' from an "Ewige Lampe." An Ewige gives a far juster estimate. One piece of Lampe " is lighted and placed before the eccentricity at least should be remembered picture of a deceased near relation. The to his credit. An Englishman holding praying before the "Eternal Lamp has a benefice in Wales, Wotton learnt the the same object as the reading of masses for language of the country and published a the souls of the departed, i.e., the hope of Welsh sermon. EDWARD BENSLY. shortening the time the departed has to spend in Purgatory. H. G. WARD. Aachen. In June last, when looking at some of the old tombstones in the cemetery of Linz, a picturesque little town on the Rhine near the Drachenfels, I noticed small lamps burning before some of the graves. J. R. THORNE. EARLY GRADUATION: GILBERT BURNET, JOHN BALFOUR (11 S. ii. 427).-MR. P. J. ANDERSON, after instancing the case of a student who graduated at Aberdeen when just under thirteen years and six months old, asks whether that record can be broken. It can. A southern university has seen an example of still greater precocity. William Wotton of St. Catharine's College, Cambridge, afterwards Fellow of St. John's, who was born on 13 August, 1666, was only twelve years and five months old when he commenced Bachelor in January [1679] ('Hist. of St. Cath. College,' by Dr. G. Forrest Browne, Bishop of Bristol). Although at this early age a year one way or the other makes a real difference, there is some discrepancy among writers who have referred to Wotton's juvenile success. J. H. Monk in his 'Life of Richard Bentley,' vol. i. p. 10, 2nd ed., speaks of Wotton at the time of his degree as a boy of thirteen." The 'D.N.B.' life of Bentley, by Sir Richard Jebb, says that Wotton became a bachelor of arts at the age of fourteen." The published lists of Graduati Cantabrigienses' from 1659 to 1787 and from 1659 to 1823 give 1679 as the year in which Bentley as well as Wotton graduated. Now Bentley, who as an undergraduate was Wotton's contemporary, appears to have taken his degree on 23 January, 1680. Can January, 1679, when Wotton became a B.A., be the historical year 1680 ? In either case, it may be observed, Wotton was younger than John Balfour when he proceeded to his first degree. Nor was Wotton without distinction in later life. Sir H. Craik treats him with singular harshness in his 'Life of Jonathan Swift,' 1882, p. 66: "He faded into a maturity of eccentric and licentious nonen COLANI AND THE REFORMATION (11 S. ii. 488). Though born in France, Timothée Colani (1824-88) received his religious education in Germany, and subsequently settled at Geneva, where he assisted in the publication of a paper called La Réformation au dix-neuvième Siècle. As a college thesis he had already written a vindication of Christianity against the views contained in Strauss's Life of Jesus.' In 1850 he adopted the German critical method of inquiry, and with Scherer and other theologians founded the Revue de Théologie, which at once created a stir among French Protestants, and led to the formation of the Nouvelle École, or liberal party in that Church, of which party Colani became the acknowledged leader. He undertook а vigorous campaign against religious despotism, publishing at different times several important tracts, besides writing critical articles on eclecticism and the philosophy of Leibnitz, Kant, and Hegel. As a preacher he suffered much from the attacks of the orthodox French Protestants. In 1864 he was appointed to the Chair of Theology at Strassburg; but after the war of 1870 he removed to Paris and devoted himself to literary pursuits, becoming Librarian of the Sorbonne. His other works include some volumes of sermons, a review of Renan's Vie de Jésus,' and in particular his own 'Jésus Christ et les croyances messianiques de son temps.' His religious opinions underwent material change at different stages of his career. For details see the articles in Brockhaus and Larousse. N. W. HILL. Timothée Colani's Exposition critique sur la philosophie de la religion de Kant was printed as his thesis in 1846. His first two sermons, which appeared in 1856, were "L'Individualisme Chrétien' and 'Le Sacerdoce Universel.' The Premier et Deuxième Recueil' of sermons in French, mostly delivered at Strasburg (but some of them at Nîmes), were printed in 1860 in 2 vols., a copy of which I have before me. They were translated, with the author's sanction, by A. V. Richard into German, and printed at Dresden, under the title Predigten in HENRY OF NAVARRE AND THE THREEHANDLED CUP (11 S. ii. 408, 457).-In the Suermondt Museum in Aachen are two specimens of Raeren pottery made before the birth of the Emperor Charles V. in 1500, or at any rate during his childhood. As both of these are three-handled, and as the Raeren usage of making cups, or rather jugs (Krüge), with three handles, is certainly older than the existing specimens of Steinzeug, it would seem that the story about Charles V. and the three-handled cup quoted by MR. HOWARD PEARSON from Mr. Solon's Art Stoneware' is a popular attempt at explaining the origin of this peculiarity of the Raerener Steinzeug." Steinzeug, for which there is no English word, is a kind of stoneware, but made of a much harder clay which cannot be melted. The two objects made of Steinzeug older than Charles V. are : 66 2. A funnel-shaped brown cup with three small handles. There is another specimen of the same pattern in the Hetjens Collection described in Falke's work, vol. ii. p. 5. In the Suermondt Museum are three other three-handled jugs, good specimens of Raeren pottery, but of later date than the two mentioned above. These jugs made of Steinzeug are: 1. Three-handled jug of the first half of the sixteenth century. 2. Threehandled jug of the second half of the sixteenth century. 3. Three-handled jug dated 1596, with grey glazing. On it are the arms of Wilhelm von Nesselrode and of his wife Wilhelmine von Stadthagen. The family of Nesselrode is one of the oldest Rhenish families, and still exists. From the middle of the seventeenth century till the eighties of the nineteenth the Raeren potters produced nothing of any value. 66 66 or from Raeren (pronounced Raren, older form Roren) was formerly in the Duchy of Limburg, and is now a village with about 4,000 inhabitants in Rhenish Prussia. It consists of a lower and upper village, and lies between Aachen and Eupen, with both of which towns it is connected by an electric tramway. Here a peculiar kind of Low German is spoken, called Raerener Platt," which is quite 99 Aachener Platt different from "Eupener Platt." Although Raeren was formerly in the Duchy of Limburg, the Raerener have, partly for linguistic reasons, always looked upon themselves as Germans. The Raeren potters in order to make their wares more acceptable in the Low Countries, their chief customers, sometimes used to put on their jugs Flemish inscriptions, with which language they were not unacquainted. This fact led some writers to assume without warrant that the remaining inscriptions, which were in "Raerener Platt," were also Flemish. For this reason, and also because the first specimens of "Raerener Steinzeug were sold in the Low Countries, some writers have exaggerated the certainly very small Flemish influence in Raeren pottery and in Rhenish pottery as a whole, which also includes that of Cologne-Frechen, Siegburg, and Westerwald. H. G. WARD. Aachen. GORDONS AT WESTMINSTER SCHOOL (11 S. ii. 389, 437). The Clerical Guide for 1829, printed for C. J. G. and F. Rivington, mentions four William Gordons, one of whom is in all probability the person G. F. R. B. is inquiring about. William Gordon, M.A. (No. 1), was the Prebendary of Offley's vicar in Lichfield Cathedral. No. 2 was appointed Rector of Spaxton, at that time being the Rev. Wm. Gordon. Somerset, in 1820, the patron of the living No. 3 was in 1789 appointed perpetual curate of Darlington by the Marquis of Cleveland. No. 4 became Rector of Speldhurst, Kent, in 1816, the patron of the living being Robert Burgess, Esq. St. John Baptist, Watling Street, London, (Richard Quittenton), illustrated with woodby the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's. cuts by John Proctor. The periodical is According to Lipscomb's History of Bucks,' now very difficult to come by, for remarkpublished in 1847, he held the Bucks livings ably few copies seem to have been preserved. for two years only, his successor Thomas Although I have tried to obtain it, I have Smith, B.D., being appointed Vicar of been unsuccessful so far, and have had to be Bierton, &c., in 1827. It does not mention content with a reprint, which is different. how the living became vacant. The information in The Clerical Guide' for 1829 was evidently not brought well up to date, although in an advertisement at the beginning of the work, dated 23 March, 1829, the proprietors offer their best acknowledgments to the numerous gentlemen who have supplied them with information of the changes and alterations that had taken place since the publication of the second edition. Amersham. L. H. CHAMBERS. SIR WALTER RALEIGH AND TOBACCO (11 S. ii. 489).—See Arber's reprint of King untrue. C. C. B. Small beer was the ingredient employed by Sir Walter Raleigh's servant to extinguish his master's apparently combustible tendencies. The story is said to have been a stock jest with Elizabethan and later dramatists, and appears in various guises. It is related in Adams's Elegant Anecdotes and Bons-Mots,' London, 1790, p. 113. W. SCOTT. 'YOUNG FOLKS' (11 S. ii. 450, 511). It is extremely interesting to find this publication being so pleasantly recalled by many. I have a specially kindly recollection of it in respect that it was the first periodical that, as a small boy, I bought, in 1873, and continued to buy for some years. It was then the Young Folks Budget, and its special charm at that time lay in the adventures of "Tim Pippin and Princess Primrose, a story written by "Roland Quiz R. L. Stevenson's connexion with the periodical was due to the late Alexander H. Japp, and has been set down once for all by Dr. Japp in his 'Robert Louis Stevenson: a Record, an Estimate, and a Memorial.' (The writing of the story is told by Stevenson himself in the section' My First Book,' in Essays in the Art of Writing.') The story was written by Stevenson while he was resident at The Cottage, Braemar, in 1881. Japp visited him there, and carried off to London a portion of the manuscript of 'The Sea Cook (as the story was then named), the Young Folks Budget-not the Young and showed it to Henderson, proprietor of Folks Paper, as Japp calls it, unless the name had been changed. The details of the matter are, of course, too well known to call for further remark. in June, 1910, a polished granite memorial It may not be so well known, however, that slab was placed on The Cottage, Braemar, bearing the inscription: "Here R. L. Stevenson spent the summer of work." 1881, and wrote Treasure Island,' his first great The credit of erecting this memorial-of a character of which we have so few in this part of the country-is due to the Braemar Mutual Improvement Association. Cottage stands at the south end of what is known as Castleton Terrace, Braemar. G. M. FRASER. Public Library, Aberdeen. The Young Folks Paper, to give it its full name, continued to be published weekly till some time early in 1891, when it changed its appearance and name, and was continued under the title of Old and Young. Old and Young appeared till towards the end of 1896. The last number was dated either 24 or 31 by Folks at Home, a paper which, under a October in that year, its place being taken different guise, contained most of the familiar features of Old and Young. Folks Home died in the spring of 1897, and had no G. L. APPERSON. successor. 66 at ITINERANT TAILORS (11 S. ii. 505).—I well remember one of these who, sixty odd years ago, came to our house," mended up my father's clothes, made two or three "" pairs of gaiters," and cut out from cloth bought in Derby a couple of suits for him, taking It was different with the cobbler, one being able to do all that was needful in patching, soleing, and heeling, as well as making for a couple of villages. Women needed but little in shoe and leather," for all rough work, indoor and outdoor, was done in pattens, which a handy cobbler made, all but the ring -irons fastened to the wooden sole. 64 The itinerant tailor went to most of the farmhouses. The women folk helped each other to make their own clothes, but there was a dressmaker who cut out, and made bonnets. Most women made their own caps THOS. RATCLIFFE. WESTMINSTER CHIMES (11 S. ii. 509).-The Westminster chimes are, subject to a more or less different arrangement of the notes, so much like many other chimes that it seems rather open to doubt whether they were in fact arranged to an ancient hymn-notation. The words attributed to them I have long understood to be Lord, through this hour No foot shall slide. D. O. 'WALRUS AND THE CARPENTER' PARODY: "SACKBUT (11 S. ii. 469, 496). I may perhaps be permitted to record an anonymous witticism recalled to me by the mention of the sackbut. When I was at Oxford ten years ago, the vogue of "ping-pong" was at its height, and in many a college room the game was kept up till far into the night, to the no small annoyance of those who desired either to sleep or to work. The nuisance became so pronounced that at length the Dean of a certain college affixed to the notice-board an intimation to the effect that "In future ping-pong will be considered as a piano, and is therefore prohibited after 11 P.M." (pianos were prohibited after that hour). The following day appeared beneath the official edict the following parody: "In future the buttery cat will be considered as a sackbut, and is therefore prohibited at all hour." H. B. KNOTS IN HANDKERCHIEFS: INDIAN CUSTOM (11 S. ii. 506).-This custom is supposed to have had its origin in the shoe-string (or boot-lace), corrigia, suspended from charters, in which the subscribing party made a knot. J. HOLDEN MACMICHAEL. CORPSE BLEEDING IN PRESENCE OF THE MURDERER (11 S. ii. 328, 390, 498). This superstition was not confined to the "vulgar." On 21 August, 1669, in a letter from Mr. Henshaw to Sir Robert Paston, there is the following item of news :— Monday I carried my wife and daughter to Greenwich to see the Granpois [grampus], which, though it was but a very little whale, is yet a very great fish; the skin, like that of all Cetaceous animals, is like that of an eel's, and the flesh as white as a conger's; the humours of his body, though he was dead, were in a brisk fermentation, and out of a hole where they struck the iron that killed him, there yested out blood It and oil like barm out of a barrel of new ale. put me in mind of some slain innocent which bleeds at the approach of his murderers; but the stench was so uncouth that it was able to discompose my meditations.”—Hist. MSS. Com., Sixth Report, p. 367. The correspondent, Thomas Henshaw, was a barrister, and one of the first members of the Royal Society, and contributed several papers to the Philosophical Transactions; he also edited Skinner's 'Etymologicon The recipient Linguæ Anglicanæ,' 1671. was likewise a member of the Royal Society, and considered a person of great learning.' A, RHODES, In John Timbs's book on 'Predictions realized in Modern Times' (London, 1880) is a note on Murder Wounds Bleeding Afresh' (p. 58). Timbs quotes Drayton's lines on this subject : If the vile actors of the heinous deed bleed. The popular belief existed in Scotland as late as 1668, and was referred to with approval by a Crown counsel, Sir George Mackenzie, in a speech made at the trial of H. G. WARD. Philip Standsfield. Aachen. ARTEPHIUS, DE CHARACTERIBUS PLANETARUM' (11 S. ii. 407). Is there any trustworthy evidence that this book has ever or published ? The same been written Clavis Majoris Sapientiæ' &pauthor's 6 the Opuscula quædam peared among 1614. Copies of Chemica' at Frankfurt, this are in the British Museum and the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris. ELEPHANT AND CASTLE IN HERALDRY (11 S. i. 508; ii. 36, 115, 231, 353, 398).— In La France Metallique,' by Jacques de Bie, Paris, 1634, the elephant occurs once, namely, on the reverse of a medal of Henri III. dated 1575 (plate 74). The motto is "Placidis parcit." According to the Explication, p. 220, the elephant, passing through the fields, where are some sheep, turns up his trunk, to show that he has no intention of hurting them, while he treads on a serpent, which appears to have glided under his belly to hurt him. The interpretation is the clemency of the king towards his dutiful subjects, and his severity towards those who rebel against his commands. The elephant has no castle or any trappings whatever. Mrs. Bury Palliser in her 'Historic Devices, Badges, and War-Cries,' 1870, gives the elephant as the device of the Caracciolo family of Naples; of the Malatesta family; of Rodolph, Duke of Swabia (motto "Vi parva non invertitur"); the elephant adoring the moon, of Caracciolo, Marquis of Vico (motto "Numen regemque salutant "); of Camillo Caula, a captain of Modena (motto "Pietas Deo nos conciliat "); of Giustiniani Salimbene (motto Sic ardua peto "); the elephant and broken tree, of Gio. Batt. Giustiniani, Cardinal of Venice (motto Dum stetit "); the elephant and dragon, of Sinibaldo and Ottoboni Fieschi (motto Non vos alabareis," Spanish, "You will not exult over us -see p. 103); the elephant crushing flies, of Sisenando, King of the Goths (motto "Al mejor que puedo "); the elephant throwing his teeth to the hunters, of Count Clement Pietra (motto Lasciai di me la miglior parte a dietro "); the elephant walking through a flock of sheep, of Philibert Emmanuel, Duke of 66 66 Savoy (motto "Infestus infestis "). See Index, p. 421, and the pages referred to. As to the Malatesta family Mrs. Palliser says (p. 159):— "The sovereign lords of Rimini and of a great allusive, perhaps, to the bones of Hannibal's part of Romagna had for their device an elephant, elephants, said to have been found at the Forli pass, near Fossombrone and Fano, of which they were lords." She speaks of an elephant, not an elephant's head. In no instance does she mention a castle on the elephant. ROBERT PIERPOINT. David As a symbol this subject appears to extend back well over three centuries or more. In Hycke-Scorner,' a black-letter morality of the earlier part of the sixteenth century, is a quaint woodcut of an elephant bearing a square turreted tower or castle. Garrick's copy of this old morality was reprinted by Thomas Hawkins in his 'Origin of the English Drama,' 1773, 3 vols., and the illustration may be seen facing p. 72 in vol. i. The animal is depicted without harness or trappings. WM. JAGGARD. PUNS ON PAYNE (11 S. ii. 409, 453).—The following lines written by Hugh Holland, whose mother was a Payne, may interest the querist if they are not already familiar to him : Yet griefe is by the surer side my brother, THE BROWN SEX (11 S. ii. 505).-The quotation from M. G. Lewis's Negro Life in the West Indies' (London, 1845 edition, P. 25) is as follows: "It seems that, many years ago, an Admiral of the Red was superseded on the Jamaica station by an Admiral of the Blue; and both of them gave balls at Kingston to the Brown Girls'; for the fair sex elsewhere are called the Brown Girls' in Jamaica." Elsewhere in Lewis's Journal' "brown girl" is used in the ordinary sense of the term; cp. "This morning a little brown girl made her appearance at breakfast, with an orange bough, to flap away the flies (ib., p. 31). Lewis's Journal' (12 December, 1815, p. 12) contains an interesting reference to Werthers Leiden,' showing that the English translations were read as late as 1815: "Little Jem Parsons [the cabin-boy] and his friend the black terrier came on deck, and sat themselves down on a gun-carriage, to read by the |