Cromwell. After that date, perhaps the most noted men were Sir Walter Vane, 1668; Charles Churchill, 1688; John, Duke of Argyll, 1707; but amongst such a distinguished list of names as that of the commanders consists of, it is invidious to pick one out before another.

"Was it opposed to Lord Clare's Regiment at the battle of Ramillies, May 23, 1706, and with what result?" I do not quite understand the question; it certainly was present at Ramillies on May 23, 1706, and very much distinguished itself as Prince George's Regiment, under the command of Lt.-Col. Charles Churchill, who was the son of Lt.-Gen. Charles Churchill, the colonel of the regiment.

The other question, as to the Coldstream Guards, I am unable in any way to answer. The Buffs were present at Fontenoy with Lord John Murray's Highlanders (now the 42nd), and covered the retreat of the army conjointly with that regiment. In 1872 the officers of the regiment, together with many who had formerly served in it, met at Willis's Rooms for their first regimental dinner to commemorate the tercentenary anniversary of the regiment, which is, I believe, what no other regiment in the service has the power of doing; hence I think the motto, "Veteri_frondescit honore," a not undeserved one.

The Crescent, Bedford.

D. C. E.

P.S.-It has the privilege of marching through the streets of London with bayonets fixed, band playing, and colours flying, vide "N. & Q.," 4th S. ii. 228.

66

"CALCIES" (5th S. iv. 405, 471; v. 16.)-About the meaning of the Mid. Lat. calceata, calceta, calceia, calcea, Fr. chaucée, chaussée, E. calcie, causey, or corruptly causeway, there is no dispute. It signifies a made road, including often the notion of a raised bank, with a surface solidified by any means: "Itinerarius agger"-Marcellinus in Duc.; Agger calcabili silice crustatus"-Sidonius; "De lignis et sabulo calcetum solidum viatoribus fieri fiat"-Ingulphus. The essential feature is the provision of a hard surface, which can best be effected by solid paving, as in the great highways of the Romans. There could not, then, be a more plausible derivation than one which made the word to signify a paved way, equivalent to the It. strada, a road, from Lat. via strata lapidibus, a way laid with stones, or the Fr. pavé, familiarly used in the sense of highway. Now the Portuguese calçar (from Lat. calceare), primarily to shoe, is secondarily used in the sense of arming with a harder surface anything that is subjected to wear and tear, as we speak of an implement shod with iron or steel, and specially it is used in the sense of paving the streets, &c. Thus calçada, the Ptg. equivalent of our causey, is literally a shod or a paved way. The metaphor is so obvious and the explanation so

natural, that it is surprising it did not meet with
general acceptance when it was so clearly pro-
pounded by Spelman, who says, "Non à calcando
dicta, sed à calceando, quod vel lapidibus vel durâ
aliâ materiâ quasi calceo munitur contra injuriam
plaustrorum vel itinerantium." This explanation
seems to me so complete as to leave no opening for
Diez's derivation (adopted by MR. SKEAT) of cal-
ceata, in the sense of made of lime, even if he could
show such a use of that term. The same may be
said of Littré's explanation (after Charpentier) from
Mid. Lat. calciatus, "chaussé, puis foulé," shod,
then trod or beaten down, which fails, moreover,
to give any account of the connexion between these
meanings. If, indeed, the word can be found, as
he asserts, in Mid. Lat. in the latter sense, it is no
doubt a mis-spelling for calcatus, and never could
have given rise to our word. H. WEDGWOOD.
31, Queen Anne Street, W.

connect this word, through the French, with calx
The "George-the-Third schoolboy" used to
raised side path-often a church path--is mostly
or calceus, as being a trodden or foot path. The
distinguished from the roadway by this word
lime, nor even limestone nor chalk, which are not
causeway. It has nothing whatever to do with
used in preference to other materials.

THOMAS KERSLAKE.

This word is the translation, in the statute of the 23 Hen. VIII. c. 5, of calceta in the statute of the 6 Hen. VI. c. 5, and no doubt it is derived from cals, chalk. The old, and, according to Johnson, the correct, form of causeway was causey, which is still in use in the Midland Counties, and is commonly applied to paved footways. Minsheu gives us, "chaussée ou chaulcée, a calce, qua in pavimentis plerumque utuntur." Chambaud's Fr. et Ang. Dict. has "chaussée, levée de terre pour retener l'eau d'un étang, &c., ou pour servir de passage dans les lieux marécageux." Bailey, Dict. gives "a bank raised in marshy ground for a foot passage." Spelman (Glossary) gives three meanings to calceata, calcetum: (1) a paved way; (2) a bank to restrain the flow of water ("agger ad coercendas aquas "); (3) a pool the waters of which are kept in by a bank (as I infer from the grant cited by him). The question, therefore, what calcies means in the statute of Hen. VIII. must be determined by the object of that statute, which was to cause the construction of works to prevent "the outrageous flowing, surges, and course of the sea" and rivers upon low grounds. It is clear that a bank to restrain the flow of water would aptly fall within the scope of that statute, whilst a paved footway would not. The inference, therefore, is that calcies means a bank; and the term may have been applied to a bank paved on its top with chalk, or guarded or floitered (as we should say on the banks of the

was the Holland Regiment, but after the above incorporation of the Duke of York's Regiment it became the 3rd Foot, and obtained at that time the title of "Prince George of Denmark's Regiment."

1708. On the decease of H.R.H. Prince George of Denmark, Oct. 28, 1708, the regiment was no longer distinguished by his title. "In official returns and orders it was distinguished by the name of its colonel; in newspapers and other periodical publications it was sometimes styled the Holland Regiment; and it eventually obtained a title from the colour of the clothing. The men's coats were And now comes a bit of history that is very in-lined and faced with buff; they also wore buff teresting, and, I think, highly to the credit of the regiment :

Cromwell. After that date, perhaps the most noted men were Sir Walter Vane, 1668; Charles Churchill, 1688; John, Duke of Argyll, 1707; but amongst such a distinguished list of names as that of the commanders consists of, it is invidious to pick one out before another.

"Was it opposed to Lord Clare's Regiment at the battle of Ramillies, May 23, 1706, and with what result?" I do not quite understand the question; it certainly was present at Ramillies on May 23, 1706, and very much distinguished itself as Prince George's Regiment, under the command of Lt.-Col. Charles Churchill, who was the son of Lt.-Gen. Charles Churchill, the colonel of the regiment.

The other question, as to the Coldstream Guards, I am unable in any way to answer. The Buffs were present at Fontenoy with Lord John Murray's Highlanders (now the 42nd), and covered the retreat of the army conjointly with that regiment. In 1872 the officers of the regiment, together with many who had formerly served in it, met at Willis's Rooms for their first regimental dinner to commemorate the tercentenary anniversary of the regiment, which is, I believe, what no other regiment in the service has the power of doing; hence I think the motto, "Veteri frondescit honore," a not undeserved one.

The Crescent, Bedford.

D. C. E.

P.S.-It has the privilege of marching through the streets of London with bayonets fixed, band playing, and colours flying, vide "N. & Q.," 4th S. ii. 228.

"CALCIES" (5th S. iv. 405, 471; v. 16.)-About the meaning of the Mid. Lat. calceata, calceta, calceia, calcea, Fr. chaucée, chaussée, E. calcie, causey, or corruptly causeway, there is no dispute. It signifies a made road, including often the notion of a raised bank, with a surface solidified by any means: "Itinerarius agger"-Marcellinus in Duc.; Agger calcabili silice crustatus"-Sidonius; "De lignis et sabulo calcetum solidum viatoribus fieri fiat"-Ingulphus. The essential feature is the provision of a hard surface, which can best be effected by solid paving, as in the great highways of the Romans. There could not, then, be a more plausible derivation than one which made the word to signify a paved way, equivalent to the It. strada, a road, from Lat. via strata lapidibus, a way laid with stones, or the Fr. pavé, familiarly used in the sense of highway. Now the Portuguese calçar (from Lat. calceare), primarily to shoe, is secondarily used in the sense of arming with a harder surface anything that is subjected to wear and tear, as we speak of an implement shod with iron or steel, and specially it is used in the sense of paving the streets, &c. Thus calçada, the Ptg. equivalent of our causey, is literally a shod or a paved way. The metaphor is so obvious and the explanation so

natural, that it is surprising it did not meet with
general acceptance when it was so clearly pro-
pounded by Spelman, who says, "Non à calcando
dicta, sed à calceando, quod vel lapidibus vel durâ
aliâ materiâ quasi calceo munitur contra injuriam
plaustrorum vel itinerantium." This explanation
seems to me so complete as to leave no opening for
Diez's derivation (adopted by MR. SKEAT) of cal-
ceata, in the sense of made of lime, even if he could
show such a use of that term. The same may be
said of Littré's explanation (after Charpentier) from
Mid. Lat. calciatus, "chaussé, puis foulé," shod,
then trod or beaten down, which fails, moreover,
to give any account of the connexion between these
meanings. If, indeed, the word can be found, as
he asserts, in Mid. Lat. in the latter sense, it is no
doubt a mis-spelling for calcatus, and never could
have given rise to our word. H. WEDGWOOD.
31, Queen Anne Street, W.

This word is the translation, in the statute of the 23 Hen. VIII. c. 5, of calceta in the statute of the 6 Hen. VI. c. 5, and no doubt it is derived from calx, chalk. The old, and, according to Johnson, the correct, form of causeway was causey, which is still in use in the Midland Counties, and is commonly applied to paved footways. Minsheu gives us, "chaussée ou chaulcée, a calce, qua in pavimentis plerumque utuntur." Chambaud's Fr. et Ang. Dict. has "chaussée, levée de terre pour retener l'eau d'un étang, &c., ou pour servir de passage dans les lieux marécageux." Bailey, Diet. gives "a bank raised in marshy ground for a foot passage." Spelman (Glossary) gives three meanings to calceata, calcetum: (1) a paved way; (2) a bank to restrain the flow of water ("agger ad coercendas aquas "); (3) a pool the waters of which are kept in by a bank (as I infer from the grant cited by him). The question, therefore, what calcies means in the statute of Hen. VIII. must be determined by the object of that statute, which was to cause the construction of works to prevent "the outrageous flowing, surges, and course of the sea" and rivers upon low grounds. It is clear that a bank to restrain the flow of water would aptly fall within the scope of that statute, whilst a paved footway would not. The inference, therefore, is that calcies means a bank; and the term may have been applied to a bank paved on its top with chalk, or guarded or floitered (as we should say on the banks of the

Dove) with chalk, to prevent its being washed
away by the action of water.
C. S. G.

POETS THE MASTERS OF LANGUAGE: LORD BYRON (4th S. xi. 110; 5th S. iv. 431, 491; v. 14.)—DR. GATTY asks your readers what they think of the following use of the word "sung"

"The isles of Greece, the isles of Greece, Where burning Sappho loved and sung." I am one of your readers from the commencement, and I reply that it is good sound English-AngloSaxon if you will.

The verb singan, A.-S., or singen, High Ger., siggvan, Gothic, is common to all the Teutonic dialects. The original preterite was sing. sang, plur. sungon, but very early sang became corrupted into song. Thus in King Alfred's translation of Bede, speaking of Cadmon he says, "song he ærest be middangeardes gesceape" (He first sang of the creation of the world). Chaucer, Miller's Tale:

"Therto he song somtime a loud quinible." By the time of our authorized version of the Scriptures sang and sung had become confounded, and used indifferently. Thus Ex. xv. 1 we have, "then Moses and Aaron sang this song," whilst in Rev. v. 9 we read, "they sung a new song." Dryden (Alexander's Feast) gives us :

"War, he sung, is toil and trouble, Honour but an empty bubble." Shakspeare uses sung exclusively both in the singular and plural:

"To whom he sung in rude harsh-sounding rhymes," King John, iv. 2, and in many other passages. With Shakspeare and Dryden to fall back upon, Byron can hardly be censured for using the ordinary current language of his time, but nothing can excuse the cockneyism of "there let him lay," which is ab

horrent both to taste and sense.

Sandy knowe, Wavertree.

:

J. A. PICTON.

Perth by King William to his armourer (galeatori), and the ground is there specified "illam scilicit que iacet inter terram serlon incisoris et terram Jacobi tinkler, Tenend," &c. Now these were evidently shop-keepers of Perth, Serlon being a publican, for Du Cange defines incisor-quoting a "Statutum Communis Bononiensis, a. 1188," where the expression, "etiam qui caseum Incidunt," is found-to be, "Caupones hic interpretor, apud quos caseus in escam potatoribus datur." This statute law of Bologna was contemporary with this charter of William. James, tinkler, I take here to be tinsmith, and, if not, I would ask what is it? If it had been true that the Gipsies did not make their appearance in Western Europe till the fifteenth century, here we have at all events the name Tinkler in the end of the twelfth or beginning of the thirteenth century. I have great doubts whether Tinkler was ever a special name of the Gipsies. Perhaps MR. PICTON, with his knowledge of Northern and Eastern languages, may be able to throw some light on the origin of this word. I suppose stannum, which in the fourth century came to signify tin, is of the same root. Can it be traced to the East, as I believe kaσoiτepos can be to some Sanscrit root, for in that case it would lead us to suppose that there must have been mines of tin known to Eastern nations before Cornwall was visited by the Phoenicians? Where were these mines, if such existed in early times?

The name of Tinkler continues to be found in old charters to a comparatively late period. Thus it appears in an old charter, of which I have an extract before me, referring to lands not far from Hightae, where the Gipsies-the Faas, the Kennedys, &c., "the King's kindly tenants," as they descendants, I believe, are still living. The charter were called-long lived, and where some of their is dated May 31, 1439, the third year of James II. It is by John Halliday of Hodholm (now Hoddom), by which he wadsetts his lands called Holcroft, a GIPSIES TINKLERS (5th S. ii. 421; iii. 409.)-coteland, which was sometime belonging to WilHaving read lately the Ectracts from the Council Registers of the Burgh of Aberdeen, I have had my attention drawn to names of Gipsies which do not seem to have been noted by your correspondents. "8th May, 1527" (vol. i. p. 117), "Ekin Jaks, maister of the Egiptians," is accused of stealing "twa silver spounis." Again (p. 167), " 22nd Jan., 1540, Barbara Dya Baptista and Helen Audree, servands of Erle George, callit of Egipt," are accused of stealing twenty-four marks. Is Erle to be considered a title, and did it confer any recognized authority on George? Has this question been examined? It may interest MR. KILGOUR to know that we can trace the word Tinkler at least 700 years back, to the reign of William the Lion (1165-1214). He will find it in a charter (No. 46) in the Liber Ecclesie de Scon, Edinb., 1843. It is the gift of a piece of ground in the town of

liam de Johnstone, and two oxgangs of land, which
are called the Tynkler's lands, in the tenement of
Hodholm and lordship of Annandail, to John de
Carrutheris, Laird of Mousewald, for 10l., money
lent him "in his grete myserie," dated Mousewald.
The name also Tynkellaris Maling, near Inchinnan,
appears in an old document dated April 23, 1530,
in a dispute between the Countess Dowager of
Lennox and John Sympill of Fulwod, quoted by
Mr. Fraser in his work entitled The Lennox
(vol. ii. p. 235).
C. T. RAMAGE.

KNIGHTS TEMPLARS (5th S. iv. 266.)-In a History of Freemasonry, Mr. J. G. Findel (of whom Mr. D. Murray Lyon, one of the Grand Stewards of the Grand Lodge of Scotland, wrote in 1869: "So faithfully has the author performed his task as the historian of Freemasonry, that his

Why did they not go and live on this property And he renders Bersare, birsare, “venari, intra in Scotland? Again:

"The fugitive knights could not, of themselves, reestablish the order. If the order had continued to exist until 1459, it would most surely have incorporated itself with the new order of chivalry which the Pope Le Roman de Girard de Vienne, MS. :then endeavoured to establish on the island of Lemnos. But the grave cannot deliver up its dead. If it had still existed in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, it would have been discovered and betrayed by the Jesuits. It could not have remained even a score of years concealed, still less centuries."

In concluding a chapter on Templarism, in which Findel disposes of the French and Scotch Templars, he expresses his opinion that modern