militate against the law it is intended to illustrate. Greek. Goth. Old Ger. Greek. Goth. Old Ger. Greek. Goth. Old Ger. The fact is, in this case the modern High German P F B(V) B F Р F B P T TH D D Ꮓ T TH D T K H G G K CH CH G K The Greek division includes the Sanskrit, Latin, and their derivatives. The Gothic includes the Low German, English, and Norse. The High German includes none but its own dialects. If we further note that the Celtic and Slavonic languages generally follow the Greek division in their consonantal permutations, we shall have a tolerably comprehensive view of the relations of the Aryan tongues in this single aspect. It is possible, however, to simplify the matter still more. The division, it will be seen, is a tripartite one, and the changes always follow in the same order-tenuis, aspirate, medial-if we take them in the sequence of Greek, Gothic, Old GerIf we then draw two triangles thusTenuis. man. Medial. Aspirate. O.H.G. Greek. Gothic. and fix the one over the other, so that it can turn by a pin in the centre, if the Greek point, which now corresponds with the tenuis, be turned to the aspirate, the Gothic will stand at the medial, and the Old High German at the tenuis, and so with the others. I have a further word to say in reference to the eight columns of illustrations given by PROF. ATTWELL. Some of the instances are incorrect, and others are understated in consequence of not giving the earliest forms of the words. In col. 1 kirsha is given as Sanskrit for horn. It may be my misfortune, but I have not met with the word. It is not to be found in the dictionaries of Bopp, Benfey, Wilson, or Williams. The usual word for horn is "s'ringam." This column of words shows that Grimm's law is not without exceptions. In the guttural permutations the Gothic h usually replaces the classical tenuis k, and this is common both to the High and Low German dialects. In col. 2 Sanskrit játi is given as the equivalent for Latin gen-us, &c. As it stands without explanation, this would seem an exception to Grimm's law, as j is not a guttural but a palatal letter. Properly understood, however, it affords strong confirmation to the principle. Játi is a derivative from ján, to beget, which is only a degraded form of the original Aryan root gan (see Fick, sub voc.). This restores the illustration to its proper place in the series. Kum, I presume, is a mistake for Gothic kuni. Kind is given as the High German equivalent, which, unexplained, would appear to k is a corruption of the original aspirate ch. This very word will be found in the form of chunni in the High German or Theotisc of the eighth century.* In col. 3 High German gestern seems to contravene Grimm's law, which would require a tenuis instead of a medial for the initial. Turning to our Old High German authorities, we find the original form of gestern to be kestern, in which shape it will be found in MSS. both of the eighth and eleventh centuries.† Our yesterday is only a corruption of A.-S. gestran-dæg, corresponding to Gothic gistra. Col. 4 provides no Greek equivalent for Sanskrit tan-u. This will be found in Teivw, Tévos, conveying the idea of thinness by stretching out. There must be some mistake about Gothic dunni. There is no such word in Gabelenz and Loebe, nor in Mr. Skeat's useful glossary. If there were, it would contradict entirely the usual application of Grimm's law. The corresponding word in Gothic is thinnan, exactly correlative with our word thin, which precisely fulfils the conditions required. Col. 5 is quite correct in the instances adduced. Col. 6 may lead to error. Greek thura and High German thur are so much alike in appearance that it might naturally be supposed the aspirated initial th was common to both. It is not so, however. How it came about I will not stop to inquire, but the fact is, such High German words as thur, thier, thal, are quite modern in their present form. They were originally spelt tor, tura, &c., thus taking their place with the initial tenuis as required by Grimm's law. In the case of Sanskrit dwar, Gothic daur, English door, there is an anomaly, which is cleared up when we find that the original Aryan form was dhvar-a (see Fick), which restores the aspirate initial, and places the word side by side with its Greek and Latin sisters. Col. 7 is correct, with this remark, that in the early Aryan dialects the difference between the sound of r and I appears to have been slight. Sanskrit pur-na=pul-na, and by metathesis is easily connected with ple-os and ple-nus. Col. 8 is liable to the same observation as before, that, for want of adopting the early form of the High German equivalent, the influence of Grimm's law appears much weaker than it really is. The modern High German bruder was originally proder, pruodar, as is proved from MSS. of the eighth and tenth centuries, thus restoring the consistency and historical value of the principle laid down. PROF. ATTWELL will, I am sure, be glad to find that the evidence for the uniformity of Grimm's ter's Collections of Old High German Documents, passim. * See Graff, Althochdeutscher Sprachschatz, and Schil+ See Graff, ut supra. law is in reality much stronger than is set out in Sandyknowe, Wavertree. PHILOLOGICAL (5th S. iv. 489; v. 10.)—Of the ten Tartar (Tatar) dialects enumerated in the Atlas Ethnographique, by Balbi, viz., the Ouighour (1), the Jagatai (2), the Kabjak or Kipchak (3), the Kirghiz (4), the Turkoman (5), the CaucasoDanubian (6), the Austro-Siberian (7), the Yakoot (8), the Tchawâch (9), the Osmânli (10), the last is the most remarkable for its regularity, precision, and elegance; it is considered to be the richest and most polished, and a compound of the ancient Ouighour and Jagatái, the latter bearing the same relation to the former as English to Saxon. "La langue des Iugures," according to William de Rubruquis, the envoy of St. Louis (IX.), "est la mère des langues turkes." the time of Mohammed II., the conqueror of the Byzantine Empire (A.D. 1453, A.H. 858). "Avant et depuis cette époque" (A.D. 1453), observes Amédée Jaubert, the celebrated Orientalist, my friend and master, "la langue turke, qui est un dialecte du tirées de l'arabe et du persan, que la religion musulmane, tartare, s'est accrue d'un grand nombre d'expressions les besoins du commerce et les guerres fréquentes des Turks en Asie y ont introduites; et a reçu, sans les dénaturer, tous les mots étrangers destinés à représenter des idées nouvelles d'où il soit que, pour parler et surtout pour écrire correctement le turk, il est à peu près indispensable d'avoir d'abord pris quelque teinture du persan, et particulièrement de l'arabe. En effet, c'est des Arabes que les Turks ont emprunté leurs caractères d'écriture, leur système de numération, tous les mots qui expriment des idées abstraites, morales ou religieuses, et tous ceux qui sont relatifs aux sciences, aux lettres, et aux arts; nomenclature très-étendue." According to Sir William Jones, the Turkish consists of ten Arabic or Persian words for one originally Scythian (Tatar), but the Arabic greatly preponderates, e.g., of thirteen words, seven are Arabic and two Persian. In recapitulating the Arabic and two Persian; of fourteen words, nine distinctive character of these languages, this accomplished scholar states that— is If you he will say it is sweet and melodious; Arabic, he "Arabiy asl ast, Turki hunar ast, In the thirteenth century, during a period of fifty years, the Káyi, a branch of the Turkan Chagtai (Jagatái) tribe, established a camp of 400 tents or families, speaking the Osmânli dialect, at Surgut, on the banks of the Sangar, situate near the frontier of the Greek Empire. Their chieftain, Athman (whose distinguished for copiousness and strength, and the "The Persian is remarkable for sweetness, the Arabic Turkish name has been softened into Othmân or Turkish has an admirable gravity (miram habet gravitaOsman), having consented to engage in a holy war tem)-the first allures and delights, the second is ener(jihad-i-asghar) as an auxiliary to Ala-addeen, the getic, and formed for sublimity, while the third possesses Seljucide Sultan of Iconium (Coniah), in Natolia, elevation combined with a certain gracefulness and after reviewing his soldiers of the true faith (Muj-amatory subjects, the Arabic for poetry and eloquence, beauty: the Persian, therefore, is fit for joyous and tahideen), led them through the unguarded passes and the Turkish for moral writings." of Mount Olympus into the fertile plains of Bithynia, A.D. 1288, A.H. 687. Signal success attended his onward march, and Ala-addeen, in recognition of the decisive victories achieved over the infidels, conferred on Othmân the rank of Beg or Prince of the Turks, and the surname of Ghazi or Conqueror, and, as soon as he had gained a firm footing on the territory of Nicomedia (July 27, A.D. 1299, A.H. 699), ennobled him further by the imperial title of sultan of a province which to this day bears the name of Othmanjik Vilaïeti. Like his predecessors, Othmân encouraged literature and men of learning, and his last words to his son Orchan (A.D. 1326, A.н. 727), "Be thou a defender of Islâm, and a protector of the liberal arts and sciences," were religiously observed by his successor on the conquest of Brusa (A.D. 1326, a.í. 727), which soon assumed the aspect of a Mohammedan capital, by the royal foundation and endowment of a mosque, a college, and schools. The most skilful professors of human and divine knowledge were attracted thither, and students even from Persia and Arabia congregated to cultivate the Turkish language and literature, and the interests of learning continued to be zealously promoted (with a trifling interruption) through the successive reigns of Mourad (Amurath I.), Bayazîd (Bajazet), Mohammed I., Amurath II., to 115, Piccadilly. MILTON'S FORESTRY (5th S. v. 43.)—Mr. WalKER might have carried a little farther his remarks in defence of Milton. In the quotation, "Arched walks of twilight groves, And shadows brown that Silvan loves Of pine or monumental oak," -Mr. Menzies creates what confusion there may be groves." Milton by omitting the comma after" does not connect the "arched walks," but only the 66 shadows brown," with the oak and pine. The objection to "brown" is poor hypercriticism : * "Suavitatem Persica, ubertatem ac vim Arabica, mirificam habet Turcica dignitatem: prima allicit atque delectat, altera sublimiûs vehitur, et fertur quodammodo incitatiùs, tertia elata est sanè, sed non sine aliquâ elegantia et pulchritudine. Ad lusus igitur et amores sermo Persicus, ad poemata et eloquentiam Arabicus, ad moralia scripta Turcicus videtur idoneus."-Vol. ii. p. 360. This T. J. A. compare "hamlets brown" in Collins's Evening. are numerous and remarkably compact. I have not read Mr. Keightley on Milton, for I prefer poetry to commentary thereon; and I think his ingenious explanation of " monumental" does not befit Milton's simplicity, though in certain modern poets the idea would be natural enough. Long duration, which is the design of a monument, is the habit of the oak; hence monumental fits the tree perfectly. "Exegi monumentum ære perennius," says Horace. If "elm starproof" be not true to nature, then am I grossly ignorant of trees. Mr. Menzies seems unaware that the elm is a heavy foliaged tree; in many a twilight stroll beneath elms I have noted the accuracy of Milton's epithet, which has a special beauty because it marks the hour. Indeed, in the radiance of a summer noon, I have found the elm sunproof. There are elms and elms. Botanists catalogue above sixty varieties; doubtless there is a difference between the shadows of ulmus parvifolia and ulmus latifolia. Forked lightning will strike a tree as Mr. Menzies describes; but trees growing on a high level are frequently struck at the summit by the sheet lightning, which passes from cloud to cloud. Milton's "singed top" is quite defensible. To assert that lightning never singes the top of the oak is rather daring. So wide a negative is difficult to prove. I have seen trees of several kinds singed by lightning in most capricious ways. It may perhaps be found that a great poet sometimes observes more widely than a professional forester. MORTIMER COLLINS. Knowl Hill, Berks. In the passage quoted from Mr. Menzies's work on Forest Trees, &c., it is said, "The elm is one of the thinnest foliaged trees of the forest." Is this so? It would ill become one who was born, and has chiefly lived, almost within the sound of Bow ABBATIAL ORDINATION (5th S. iv. 467.)-By the second Council of Nice (Actio viii. Canon xiv.), held in the year 787, the power was granted to abbots of conferring minor orders within their own monasteries, on the condition, however, that they themselves were presbyters. The canon only mentions readers, but Martene (De Antiq. Eccles. Rit., vol. ii. p. 12, fol., 1788, Venet.), in remarking upon it, says : "Hanc potestatem hactenus conservarunt abbates plurimi, non solum vigore hujus canonis, sed obtentis insuper a sede apostolica privilegiis, quibus tonsuram minoresque ordines conferendi facultas eis facta est. Quae quidem privilegia integra et inviolata permanere sanxit synodus Tridentina.' To this power many abbots still lay claim, not only on the authority of the canon, but also on alleged grants from the Apostolic See, by which they were empowered to give the tonsure, and to confer minor orders; all which privileges were secured to them, whole and inviolate, by the Council of Trent. He tells us, in addition, that an abbot of the Cistercian Order had ampler powers, who, with four other abbots of the same order, and of the first rank, could ordain deacons and subdeacons ; which privilege, he continues, was granted them by Pope Innocent VIII., in the year 1489, in order that they who wished to become deacons or subdeacons might not be forced to seek ordination outside their monastery. 66 Nothing is said of mitred abbots, nor does it appear that, in matters of this kind, they had powers superior to their less exalted brethren." Their superiority was rather of a civil than an ecclesiastical kind. They were privileged to sit in the House of Peers. According to Martene, their origin was later than the council by which abbots were empowered to ordain, for he says that no mention is made of this in the older pontificals (vol. ii. p. 146). EDMUND TEW, M.A. "I have done with this subject of mitred abbeys, when we have observed that they were called 'abbots general,' alias abbots sovereign,' as acknowledging in a sort no superior, because exempted from the jurisdiction of any diocesan, having episcopal power in themselves."-Fuller's Church History, vol. ii. bk. vi. sect. 2; Sir H. Spelman in Glossario, verbo “ Abbas." H. S. Abbots can only confer minor orders. Subbells, to set his opinion against that of a person of deacons, deacons, and priests must be ordained such great tree knowledge as Mr. Menzies; but I by a bishop. (See Bissus, Hierurgia, vol. ii. p. 63.) have frequently heard that the elm is the best tree to afford shelter during a shower, owing to the circumstance that the leaves, though small, C. J. E. G. E. L. was rightly informed respecting the above. Abbots have the power of conferring MAJOR FRANCIS PEIRSON (5th S. v. 67.)-A correspondent from Jersey inquires whether any members of the family of Major Peirson (whom he calls Pierson) are living. He was very young and unmarried when he was killed. He left sisters, but no brothers. One of these sisters was the mother of my late wife, Lady Chelmsford, and of her sister. The only members of the Peirson family known to me to be living are my children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren, and the children and grandchildren of my late sister-in-law. CHELMSFORD. Eaton Square. He was the eldest son of Francis Peirson, Esq., of Lowthorp, co. York, by Sarah, daughter and co-heiress of John Cogdell of Beverley. They had three sons, none of whom left issue, and five surviving daughters. 1. Sarah, married Timothy Francillon. 2. Frances, married Wm. Tinling, Esq. Her eldest daughter, Anna Maria, married, in 1822, Frederic Thesiger, Esq., created Baron Chelmsford, 1858; two other daughters. 3. Margaret, married Rev. George Marwood; had issue. 4. Mary, married Rev. C. Webber, afterwards Archdeacon of Chichester; had issue. 5. Diana, married Arthur Anstey, Esq. THUS. In the special loan exhibition of portrait miniatures, held at the South Kensington Museum in 1865, a collection of miniatures of Major Peirson, and several members of his family, was lent by Major Newbery (see catalogue, p. 43). M. M. EPITAPH IN CASHEL CATHEDRAL (5th S. v. 27.) -Harris, in his edition of Ware's Bishops, p. 483, gives some interesting details about Miler Magragh, alias MacCragh. He was a special favourite of Queen Elizabeth, who heaped promotions upon him. In addition to Cashel, he held by commendam the sees of Lismore and Waterford, which he resigned in 1607 for those of Killala and Achonry; and, besides the bishoprics, there were conveyed to him in the same manner the vicarage of Killmacallan, and the rectory Infra duos pontes in the diocese of Elphin; the rectories of Castle Connor and Skrine, in the diocese of Killala; and the prebend of Dougherne, with the rectory of Kilorhin, in the diocese of Achonry. He died in Dec., 1622, in the one hundreth year of his age. The monument which he erected for himself in the cathedral, opposite that of Edmund Butler, is thus described : "It is placed on a high basis on the south side of the choir, between the episcopal throne and the altar; on which is his effigies cut in stone in high relief; his mitre on his head, and his pastoral staff in his hand: on one side of the head is carved the image of an angel; as the like was once on the other side, but is now (1739) de faced. Above his head are his arms; and at his feet the image of Christ on the Cross, on the top whereof is inscribed I.N.R.I. At his right elbow is the image of St. Patrick slightly engraved, with his pastoral staff and mitre, on the one side S. on the other P. Underneath, on the verge of the monument, is cut the name of the architect, Patricius Kearin fecerat illud opus.'" Then follows the Latin epitaph composed by himself, with the reading sed instead of nec, in the ninth line, as already noticed, and is rendered into English thus : "Patrick, the glory of our isle and gown, "The Romanists of that country have a tradition that he died a Papist, and that though in appearance he was buried in the cathedral, yet that he had given private orders for depositing his body elsewhere; to which they But, alsay the two last lines of the epitaph allude. though he was no good man, and had impoverished his see by stripping it of much of its ancient estate, yet I do not find any room to call his sincerity, as to his religious profession, in question, living or dying. These lines rather seem to hint at the separate existence of the soul and body." B. E. N. "NON EST VILE CORPUS," &c. (5th S. iv. 513.)— The anecdote is told of the learned Mark Anthony Muretus, and is thus related by Dr. Farrar (The Witness of History to Christ, p. 153) :— "When travelling in the disguise of a beggar, the scholar Muretus had fallen sick in the hands of strange physicians; they said jestingly to one another, 'Fiat experimentum in corpore vili.' 'Vilemne animam appellas,' he indignantly exclaimed to his astonished auditors: Vilemne animam appellas pro quâ Christus non dedignatus est mori?'" In the Life of Muretus, by Benci and Lazeri, the accuracy of this anecdote has been called in question. The facts will probably be found stated in the Life prefixed to Ruhnkenius's edition of the Opera Omnia, 1789, a copy of which, together with Muretus's Epistolæ, is in the Chetham Library. Your correspondent is no doubt familiar with an anecdote of Archbishop Whately turning on the same word "vile," which, in our Bibles, St. James ii. 2 and Phil. iii. 21, is the synonym of lowly. I quote the anecdote from the Rev. T. L. O. Davies's recent admirable book, entitled Bible English: Chapters on Old and Disused Expressions in the Authorized Version, &c., 1875 (p. 178) :— "Our vile body' (Phil. iii. 21) should be rendered the body of our humiliation" [τὸ σῶμα τῆς ταπεινώσεως nu]. When Archbishop Whately was dying, one of his chaplains was reading this chapter to him in the English version. When he came to this passage the Archbishop stopped him, saying, 'Give me his own Being on the subject of the Stuart family, I would wish to call attention to the concluding passage of Mr. Ewald's work : : "Thirty-one years after the death of the Prince, George the Fourth, then Prince Regent, caused a stately monument, from the chisel of Canova, to be erected under the dome of St. Peter's at Rome. On a bas-relief, in white marble, are represented the likenesses of James, Charles, and Henry, with this inscription: JACOBO III., JACOBI II., MAGN. BRIT. REGIS FILIO, BEATI MORTVI QVI IN DOMINO MORIVNTVR." The inscription must, of course, be well known. But has it ever occurred to any one to inquire how it was that James, the Old Pretender, or the Chevalier St. George, is twice mentioned therein as James III.? He could have had that title only as King of Great Britain; and if he possessed that title rightfully, the Prince Regent would never have been George IV. T. J. A., olim CCC.X.I. TENNYSON: "THE PRINCESS":"HER THAT TALKED DOWN," &c. (5th S. iv. 464.)—Tennyson probably refers to St. Catherine of Alexandria when he speaks of "Her that talked down the fifty wisest men." We are told that she outargued and converted fifty philosophers whom Maxentius pitted against her. ST. SWITHIN. "AS COARSE AS GARASSE" (5th S. iv. 465.)— Can the English proverb, "As coarse as gorse," come from this French form? It is common in several parts of England, and about Nottingham I have often heard it "As coarse as Hickling gorse." Craven. ELLCEE. METAL TOBACCO PIPES (5th S. iv. 328, 495; v. 39.)-Kingsley was not guilty of an anachronism in representing men of the time of Elizabeth smoking tobacco in silver pipes. Aubrey says :— England and into fashion. In one part of North Wilts "He (Raleigh) was the first that brought tobacco into (Malmesbury hundred) it came first into fashion by Sir Walter Long. They had first silver pipes. The ordinary sort made use of a walnut shell and a straw. I have heard my grandfather Lyte say that one pipe was handed from man to man round the table." WALTER KIRKLAND. [Mr. Ewald's account of the Princess Sobieska's escape is based upon the narrative which is attributed to Wogan, who was one of the chief agents. According to the latter, the Princess used only a cloak and hood. Zedler (1739) says she fled in disguise, but does not state of what it consisted-"Jedoch, da man vermeynte sie am gewissesten zu haben, entflohe sie in verstellter Kleidung." With regard to Canova's stately monument bearing the above inscription, Lord Mahon (Earl Stanhope), quoted in Murray's Handbook of Rome, "believes" it was erected chiefly at the expense of the House of Hanover. The author of the Handbook states that the cost was THE TRADE OF TANNING (5th S. iv. 428; v. 33.) paid from the privy purse of George IV., who certainly-There may be added to the list of tanners Jonawas not consulted as to the inscription. In the crypt, than Martin, who burned York Minster. where "James III." and his sons, Charles Edward and Henry, lie buried, all three are styled kings-James III., Charles III., and Henry IX.] "OLD KING COLE" (5th S. iv. 67, 234.)-Alban Butler writes, Life of St. Helen, Empress (Aug. 18): "Leland, the most diligent searcher of our antiquities, says Helen was the only daughter of King Coilus, who lived in constant amity with the Romans, and held of them his sovereignty; the Glastonbury historian says the same. Henry of Huntingdon tells us that this was Eastbourne. ED. MARSHALL. OLD LONDON CHURCHES (5th S. iv. 449.)-Perhaps the best book on the churches before the fire edited by Strype. There are several chapters on is Stow's, and the best edition of Stow is that there are a great many monographs on certain the London churches in Knight's London. Then churches, such as Denham on St. Dunstan's West; Wilson on St. Laurence Pountney, &c. Brayley's History of London is good for family reading. |