These portraits came to me in 1871 in their original narrow black moulded frames, much worm-eaten. They have since been reframed, and are well and freely drawn and quite fresh and vivid. There was a slight exfoliation or mould upon some of the darker and thicker tints of the drapery, which was easily removed with the tip of the finger or a camel'shair brush. Indeed, if pastels have been sheltered from damp they are more likely to give us accurate portraits of our ancestors than oil paintings, which have usually been violently attacked, bedaubed, and varnished by ignorant frame-makers, who fancy themselves picture-cleaners. The delicacy of pastels at once removes them from the danger to which oil pictures fall such easy victims. It seems that T. Bardwell was much indebted to one of these drawings, that of Samuel Kerrick, D.D., for a portrait which he painted in oil in 1736; and Francis Cufaude was under similar obligations when he painted the small portrait of Matthew Postlethwayt, Archdeacon of Norwich (father of the before-named John), as well as a miniature. These points tend to show that Saunders was well thought of, and drew tolerable likenesses. I should add that the above-mentioned eleven portraits by him average in size 15 in. by 11 in. They are drawn on finely-ribbed yellowish paper and worked up to the extreme edge, so that the heads almost touch the frame. The faces average 5 in. long : the men wear full wigs and the women make a large display of neck and bosom and have each of them a long single curl brought from behind and lying upon the shoulder. Who John Saunders was I am as ignorant as CUTHBERT BEDE, but I do guess that he lived at Norwich at the time these portraits were drawn. As to Francis Cufaude I should also be glad of some information. I believe there is a Hampshire family Cufaude of Cufaude, but I have never been able to obtain any information concerning this painter, though I sent a question to 'N. & Q'a few years ago. Now that I am on the subject of pastels, I may mention a portrait in my possession, 11 in. by 9 in., in a richly carved frame, with an eagle in the upper part of it. It is very delicately and beautifully drawn, and represents a young man, full-face, wearing a small white cravat, and with his rich dark-brown hair falling to his shoulders. He wears a loose dull-red garment of thin material, looped up and fastened by a jewelled brooch at the shoulder. It has no sleeves, but reveals an under coat of pale blue with invecked edges decorated with rubies and long pear-shaped pearls pendent over the white linen sleeve, the left shoulder being towards the spectator. On the sinister side of the drawing is the signature, "EAF. 1675." This stands for Edmund Ashfield, a scholar of Michael Wright. The costume is so unusual to English eyes that the portrait may be taken to represent one of the Portuguese nobles who came to this country with Catherine of Braganza in 1662. ALBERT HARTSHORNE. I have in my keeping (they do not belong to me) half a dozen beautiful half-length life-size family portraits in pastel which, from the style of dress, were executed, I should say, in the early part or middle of the last century. Curiously enough, one of them resembles one noted by your correspondent CUTHBERT BEDE in being "the portrait of a clergyman in wig, gown, bands, &c."; the others two gentlemen in laced coats, and three ladies. All are drawn with full dark backgrounds, and, to my untutored taste, are far superior to any portraits in oil I have ever seen, there being a softness and naturalness in the flesh tints and in the colours and texture of the dress not usually found. They have not been unpacked very lately, but the last time I saw them the colours were evidently as fresh as they were when the pictures came from the artist's hand. I do not recollect noticing whether there is any record of the artist's name. R. W. HACKWOOD. R. H. Barham, and too long for 'N. & Q.' It PARODY WANTED (7th S. vii. 48).—This is by will be found in the 'Ingolds by Legends,' Bentley, C. F. S. WARREN, M.A. 1881, p. 108. Foleshill Hall, Coventry. DEATH WARRANTS (7th S. vi. 308, 474, 515; vii 52).—E. F. D. C., at 7th S. vi. 474, says "Her Majesty has, I believe, only once signed an order Isle of Man." for execution, viz., of a prisoner sentenced in the At p. 52 of the present volume he says, "I do not, of course, mean that either the king or the queen signed the actual order to the executioner."With that I leave E. F. D. C.; but MR. MARSHALL is a disputant of a very different order. There is undoubtedly some confusion and obscurity in the text-writers as to what the sheriff acts upon. Mr. Justice Blackstone, who was a good criminal lawyer, says, vol. iv. chap. xxxii. : be done without any writ. And now the usage is for the "In case of life the judge may command execution to judge to sign the calendar or list of all the prisoners' names with their separate judgments in the margin, which is left with the sheriff." This This clearly seems to mean that the verbal order was the sheriff's warrant, and that the signed calendar was merely a sort of certificate or memorandum of the result of the assizes. Yet in other places he, and also the editor of Stephen's 'Commentaries,' speak of the calendar as a warrant. is probably an inaccuracy, for the following arguments show that the verbal order is the warrant. In the first place, the verbal order is precise "that you be hanged by the neck until you be dead," whereas the calendar says merely "Sus. per col.," or its modern equivalent, which is scarcely an authority for putting a man to death. In the next place, it is clear that whether the judge signs the calendar or not the judgment or sentence stands good, though no doubt in the latter case the sheriff would hesitate about the execution. 'Percy Anecdotes' are, of course, no authority on a legal point. AN ENGLISH LAWYER. 99.66 POISON (7th S. vi. 327, 477; vii. 16).—Without entering into the question of date at which the particular poison under discussion is alleged to have been used, and which seems to me to have got a little confused in the said discussion, as neither sixteenth nor seventeenth centuries can be called mediæval, I cannot forbear calling attention to the arbitrary manner in which, according to common custom, Italian spelling is dealt with in England. No one knows better than myself that Italian spelling is by no means invariable in Italy, but that is not a reason for inventing other forms still. In the few lines that have been devoted to the subject in these columns I find the following variations, "Aqua_Tophania,' Aqua Toffina," "Tufinia,' 1966 'Aqua Tofania,' aqua toffana." Now I think I may venture to say that no precedent will be found in Italy for any one of these spellings! Water in Italian is not "aqua," but acqua, and I have never seen any modern spelling but Tofana-which is, I believe, the name of the Perugian lady who is credited with making it notorious -occasionally moulded into adjective form as acqua tofanica; for rarely, if ever, is a name when used as an adjective gratified with a capital letter. It is, however, also, and more often, called acqua or acquetta di Perugia, and most often acquetta alone. I have met an Umbrian folk-song* in which it is so named in the first line and metaphorically called later on "" vino di Borgia." R. H. BUSK. AUTHORS OF QUOTATIONS WANTED (7th S. vi. 469).— Great is the crime in man or woman, &c. I doubt if the authorship of this epigram can be traced. By the by, there is another version of the lines, headed thus: Against enclosing Common Ground. (7th 8. vii. 9.) FREDK. RULE. We toil through pain and wrong. The lines are from a little poem by Barry Cornwall (Bryan Waller Procter). MR. EWING's quotation is inaccurate. It should run : We love, we lose, and then ere long Procter was incapable of perpetrating such an unmusical line as We love, we lose, and in a little time, &c. The poem is short, and may be quoted in full. It deserves to be more generally known :— Folk songs of Italy,' pp. 226-7. We are born, we laugh, we weep, Why doth the violet spring Unseen by human eye? We toil through pain and wrong; We love, we lose, and then ere long Endure and die? FRANK R. ANNIWELL. The lines WINNIE inquires after occur in a poem, without signature, which appeared in Moore's Rural New Yorker of May 31, 1856. A copy of this paper came into my hands some time ago, and as I thought the verses beautiful, I preserved them in one of my note-books. They are not, I think, too long for you to reprint. I therefore send a transcript : An Enchanted Island. A wonderful stream is the river of Time, As it runs through the realms of tears, With a faultless rhythm and musical rhyme, And a broader sweep and a surge sublime, And blends with the ocean of years. There's a musical isle the river of Time, Where the softest airs are playing; There's a cloudless sky and a tropical clime, And a song as sweet as a vesper chime, up And the tune with the roses is staying. And the name of that isle is the Long Ago, And we bury our treasures there; There are brows of beauty and bosoms of snow, There are heaps of dust, but we love them so, There are trinkets, and tresses of hair. There are fragments of songs that nobody sings, And a part of an infant's prayer; There's a lute unswept, and a harp without strings, There are broken vows and pieces of rings, And the garment she used to wear. There are hands that are waved when the fairy shore By the mirage is lifted in air; And we sometimes hear, through the turbulent roar, Sweet voices we heard in days gone before, When the wind down the river is fair. O, remembered for aye be that blessed isle, And when evening comes on with its beautiful smile, ASTARTE. Miscellaneous. NOTES ON BOOKS, &o. edition of Boswell's Johnson' and other works in eighteenth century literature. Hume's letters are in themselves both interesting and valuable. Though Major Fraser's Manuscript. Edited by Alexander written principally on matters of business, they cover a Fergusson, Lieut.-Col. 2 vols. (Edinburgh, Douglas.) wide range. What is of personal interest makes, perA SERVICE to the scholar has been rendered by Col. Ferhaps, the most direct appeal. Very curious revelations as to the fate of Hume's successive writings are furgusson in printing for the first time the curious and interesting MS. of Major James Fraser of Castle nished, and his own opinion upon their respective and Leathers. Valuable for the light it throws upon the relative value is edifying. He thus expresses his coneccentric and lamentable career of Simon Fraser, Lord viction that, in his private judgment, the first volume of Lovat, it is even more precious for the insight it affords his history is by far the best. He is bewildered at the into life in Scotland and in France at the close of the charges of partisanship which everywhere encounter seventeenth and beginning of the eighteenth centuries, him, and states that whatever alterations he has made. and the revelation it furnishes of a shrewd, loyal, hard in the reigns of the first two Stuarts have invariably headed, passably prejudiced, and pragmatical gentleman. been to the Tory side. He declares the intention he Documents such as this constitute the very marrow of once entertained of changing in the second edition his history. Long, persistent, and heroic, since they in- orthography, but on the whole decides to retain the volved a journey alone and on foot through a large part "spelling as it is." In his letters it may be noted that of northern France with no more than three words of the most substantives are assigned a capital letter. He is language, were the services of "Castle Leathers" to his very particular concerning correctness, quoting more chief, in search of whom he went, and his reward was than once (pp. 200 and 308) a saying he ascribes to worthy of the man he sought to benefit, a man who, Rousseau, that "one half of a man's life is too little to according to one account, united "the arts of a Machiavel write a book, and the other half to correct it." He with the tyranny of a Caesar Borgia," and of whom Mount- shows himself a good hater, speaking of Warburton as "the most odious writer," and of England as "a stupid stuart Elphinstone said that he knew an Afghan chief the absolute duplicate of Simon Fraser in ferocity, cun- factious nation, with whom I am heartily disgusted." ning, and plausibility.' It is impossible to give an in- Some of his literary opinions are strongly expressed. sight into this curious and important MS. How a soldier He speaks of Macpherson sHistory' as "one of the such as "Castle Leathers" could ever have written it is most wretched productions that ever came from your not easy to conceive. A desire to ventilate his wrongs press"; and holds that, "bad as it is, Tristram Shandy' is the best book that has been written by an Englishman must have been a strong motive. Its unconscious revelations are, however, delightful, and one can understand these thirty years." Hume's political opinions are, of how the sturdy Scot won favour at the Court of Louis course, not less freely expressed. How much Dr. Hill among those whose language he could not attempt to has added in his invaluable notes will not readily be speak. His orthography is as sturdy as his character, and surmised by those who have not seen the book. Where sometimes leaves his capable and energetic editor at it is possible every allusion is explained at full length, fault. On p. 155 we venture, rather wildly perhaps, to and every particular the reader can possibly demand is suggest that "make the Frasers opish," which Col. Fer- supplied. The notes, indeed, constitute by far the gusson queries "upish?" might possibly be "Popish," largest and, it must frankly be owned, the most valuwith the initial letter dropped out. "Upish," in the able part of the volume. A capital specimen of the sense of "tipsy," is used by Vanbrugh, but "uppish," in manner in which illustration is supplied is furnished in that of "proud," "arrogant," is surely of much later the matter of Rousseau's mad quarrel with Hume. A few references to this are all that occur in the letter. A growth. The major spells "renunciation renunesation." In another case, vol. i. p. 182, the phrase "be way of a Jesuite" surely means a jest! "Jesuit" is a word the major is fond of using. By writing in the third person, "like another great commander," as Col. Fergusson adds, the major is enabled to express very plaintively the pity for himself with which he is filled. We owe, indeed, Col. Fergusson our best thanks for introducing us to this worthy, whom we shall not soon forget, and whose adventures constitute the backbone of a romance. The book is admirably got up, with a portrait of Lord Lovat from the scarce mezzotint of Le Clare, one of great interest of the major himself after John Sobieski Stuart, and one of Duncan Forbes, of Culloden, concerning whom, in an appendix no less valuable and readable than the original work, some striking stories are told. Head and tail pieces and other embellishments from contemporary sources add greatly to the attractions of a captivating work. Letters of David Hume to William Strahan. Now first To the energy of Dr. Birkbeck Hill and to the liberality full account and explanation of all the particulars is ministry brought upon the Scotch." It is hopeless to A Catalogue of the Printed Books bequeathed by John A CATALOGUE of the Forster collection of books in the of a worker, and is naturally richest in those departments of literature with which John Forster was most busily occupied. Charles I. and the Civil War is perhaps the most interesting heading, many of the tracts indicated being very rare. Under Dickens and Goldsmith very numerous articles appear, and the influence of Forster's early practice as a theatrical critic will be found in the works under such names as Cibber and Garrick. Prefixed to the volume is a judicious and wellwritten memoir of John Forster, by Mr. W. Elwin, together with a portrait. A second volume will contain a catalogue of the MSS., &c., constituting the remainder of the bequest. Mean time, not only as a specimen of thorough and conscientious workmanship, but for its intrinsic value this first volume is welcome. It is handsome and creditable in all respects, and shows how great is the advance that England-not before it was time-is making in bibliographical studies. A not very formidable table of errata appears at the end. It is to be regretted that the last but three of this is itself an erratum. Foreign Visitors in England, and what They have Thought of Us. By Edward Smith. (Stock.) THIS volume is one of the most thorough in workmanship of the series (the "Book-Lover's Library") to which it belongs. Mr. Smith might easily have multiplied the books from which he quotes, and may do so in a second series. So far as it extends, however, his work is entertaining and instructive. Great Writers.-Life of William Congreve. By Edmund Gosse. (Scott.) Or Congreve's life the details are scanty. Of many of the inferior men of his time much biographical material remains, but the great comic dramatist led a quiet and regular life, and therefore there has not been much recorded of him. He must have written many letters, but nearly all have perished, or remain undiscovered. Mr. Gosse has made the most of what has been preserved, and by diligent search in pamphlets, newspapers, and other out-of-the-way places has succeeded in adding much to our knowledge. The scarcity of material is an advantage in one respect. Had Congreve's life been crowded with incident, there would have been far too little room for exposition. The excellent account Mr. Gosse has given of the theatre in Congreve's time would have had to be cut down, and we should probably have had few of the interesting details he has now given concerning the fierce warfare that arose from the publication of Jeremy Collier's attack on the shameless dramatic literature that was then popular. Collier's 'Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage' is a powerful book with many faults. It did a work such as could never have been hoped for by its author. In the whole course of English literature we cannot call to mind any one book which has caused so rapid and so marked a change in popular feeling. The only English thing we can compare it to is the "Tracts for the Times," but there is no true parallel between them. The Tracts" were a serial written by many authors. The influence attributed to them has also been much exaggerated. The revolution in religious opinion which inaccurate persons have attributed solely to them was, in a great measure, brought about by the personal action of the tract writers and those who worked with them. Collier had no personal influence whatever except over a few nonjurors. We are glad to find that Mr. Gosse takes a kindly view of this remarkable man. His career is not known to most persons as it ought to be, and many moderns have an unfounded prejudice against him, because they think that his attack on the stage arose from an unreasoning prejudice against dramatic representations in themselves. This, however, is a mistake. His comparatively temperate views must not be confounded with the fanaticism of Law and of the French ecclesiastics who denounced all scenic representations whatsoever. We are glad to find that Mr. Gosse speaks kindly of Mrs. Anne Bracegirdle. She was an innocent and a beautiful woman, two reasons which were quite sufficient to induce the men about town, and the scribblers who echoed their words to speak evil of her. THE catalogue of Mr. U. Maggs, of Church Street, Paddington Green, contains many quaint and curious works, some of them not easily encountered. 'A COMPLETE CONCORDANCE TO THE POEMS AND SONGS Messrs. Kerr & Richardson, of Glasgow. The words of OF ROBERT BURNS,' by J. B. Reid, M.A., is announced by this are over 8,000, and the quotations more than four times that number. Notices to Correspondents. We must call special attention to the following notices: ON all communications must be written the name and address of the sender, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. WE cannot undertake to answer queries privately. To secure insertion of communications correspondents must observe the following rule. Let each note, query, or reply be written on a separate slip of paper, with the signature of the writer and such address as he wishes to appear. Correspondents who repeat queries are requested to head the second communication "Duplicate." G. J. GRAY ("St. George's Fields, Southwark," 7th S. vii. 69).-Mr. W. Rendle will feel greatly obliged if Mr. Gray will inform him where the MS. folio volume, "Algebra, H. O., 1680," is to be seen-measuring in St. George's Fields from Slut's Well to Restoration House. Please address_direct, Treverbyn, 111, Sunderland Road, Forest Hill, London, S.E. R. B. STANTON (?), E. I. U. S. Club.-1. ("Chess.") "Grammatically chess is the plural of check" (Skeat, Etymological Dictionary '). 2. ("Stale-mate.") A stale is a "laughing-stock." To make me a stale among these mates. 'Taming of the Shrew,' I. i. See Encyclopædic Dictionary.' LENA MAYOR ("Pouring oil on troubled waters ").— Every few weeks we have to repeat that there is no complete answer to this question. See 6th S. iii. 69, 252, 298; iv. 174; vi. 97, 377; x. 307, 351; xi. 38, 72, &c. A. J. M. (Sermon on Malt').-This is by Mr. (or Dr.) Dodd, not, assumably, the too notorious poet. It can be found in the Penny Magazine, old series, vol. i. p. 7; or in N. & Q.,' 1st S. xii. 497, E. WALFORD ("Skit on Darwinism ").-These clever lines are by Mortimer Collins. They will be found 5th S. iv. 149. 7th S. ii. 117. F. WILSON ("Bronze Penny of 1864 ").-See' N. & Q.,' CORRIGENDUM.-P. 80, col. 1, 1. 22 from bottom, for "Andrew Buer" read Andrew Brice. NOTICE. Editorial Communications should be addressed to "The Editor of Notes and Queries ""-Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher"-at the Office, 22, Took's Court, Cursitor Street, Chancery Lane, E.C. We beg leave to state that we decline to return communications which, for any reason, we do not print; and to this rule we can make no exception. LONDON, SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 9, 1889. CONTENTS.-N° 163. NOTES:-Precious Metals in the British Isles, 101-The Candlemas Bleeze, 103-English Canting Songs-Indictments against Gaming-Mrs. or Miss, 104-Dummy-Bears' Suicide Epitaph on J. R. Green-St. Mark's-Sloyd, 105-Fotheringay Castle-Folk-lore in the Azores-Wordsworth Blanket-Lip-bruit-' Coaching Days'-Eyelashes suddenly becoming White, 106. clay slates, as in the Snowdonian range, and traces of gold have been found in the toadstone of Derbyshire. A cobalt mine was also discovered at Gwenap, Cornwall, in 1754, and gold and silver have both been found at Helston and Endillion, in the last-mentioned county; antimony also at the latter place. As regards various stones; agates, jaspers, cornelians, and Scotch pebbles are to be found in QUERIES:-Chopness-English-Medal of the PretenderParish Register Missing-J. Grigor-Casa de Pilatos Corn-most trap rocks, and amethysts were unearthed in law Rhymes, 107-The Pelican-Winter-Reference Wanted Kerry in 1755. -Byron's 'Monody on the Death of Sheridan' - Hymn The Romans worked gold in Carmarthenshire, Wanted-'Dora Thorne - Capt. J. Garnault-Domestic History: Court of King Charles II., 108-Rev. C. Leslie and the washings down of the Carnon Stream Long Perne Court-Smut-Villon, 109. Mine, near Perran, "used to bring away many REPLIES:- The Ingoldsby Legends,' 109-Chains of Straw-sorts of metal with curious bits of gold." Genealogical, 110-" Dolce far niente"-Bilvain-Mermaid At Helmsdale, in Sutherlandshire, gold is said Once a Week'-Touch, 111-T. Dray-Cromwell and to have been worked in the granite (?) some years Carlisle Cathedral-A Mayor's Title-Carbonari-Anson's Voyages, 112-Herrington Churchyard-Seringapatam, ago, and a piece weighing 26 oz. was found in 113-" The Fox and Vivian"-Death Warrant of Charles I, Wicklow in 1795. In the papers of the Bannatyne -Proverb-Arrant Scot"-Crabbe's Tales of the Hall,' Club (1825) is one on the 'Discoverie and Historie 114-Frances Cromwell-Early English and Late GothicRelics of Charles L, 115-Comitatus Cereticus-Westgate- of Gold Mynes in Scotland, 1619.' The Termination "kon " "-"Sneck posset"-T. Payne-T. Harrison-Society of Kabbalists, 116-Corfe Castle-Kissing under the Mistletoe -Sandal Gates-J. Rollos-Porchas, 117-Kissing-Sons of Edward III.-Iron Coffins-The Dominican Rule-Heraldic-' Christa Sangítá,' 118. Camden mentions gold and silver mines in Cumberland, and a mine of silver in Flintshire. In the former county the finding of gold and silver intermixed with common ore gave rise to a lawsuit NOTES ON BOOKS:-Farmer's Americanisms, Old and between the Earl of Northumberland and another New'-Sanders's Celebrities of the Century.' Notices to Correspondents, &c. Notes. . PRECIOUS METALS IN THE BRITISH ISLES. The question of royalties in connexion with goldmining industry in the British Isles having been lately (November 8) debated in Parliament, the following notes, gathered from time to time from miscellaneous sources, may not prove uninteresting. At all events, if added to, or otherwise enlarged upon, by the correspondents of 'N. & Q.,' they may possibly form the nucleus of a collection of valuable material bearing upon the question and its bibliography. I have not at hand the sources from which the extracts and condensed accounts were made, nor (except where stated) the references as to whence derived, so that a few errors of transcription may possibly occur. In other respects the whole may be taken as from fairly trustworthy sources. Gold, silver, and copper are all stated to be held in solution, in appreciable quantities, in sea water, and enough silver has been found in the worn copper of some ships to make it worth while to extract it. All copper mines contain silver to a greater or less extent, and it is found similarly in all lead mines and lead ore. Such argentiferous ores are the common lead ores of the northern counties of Wales, of Derbyshire, Cumberland, and Durham. Gold, silver, and cobalt occur in nearly all the claimant. A paper concerning gold mines in Scotland also occurs in appendix 10 to the second part of 'Pennant's Tour in Scotland,' 1772; and in September, 1853, Mr. Calvert read a paper on the production of gold in the British Isles before the British Association, in which he stated that, from his own explorations and researches, he believed gold was to be found in forty counties in these islands, and over an area of 500 square miles. "The largest known nuggets hitherto were one of 3 lb. from Lanarkshire, and three of 2 lb. from there and Wicklow." He predicted the finding of gold fields in the clay slate of Canada. With respect specially to gold, in Pollux Hill, near Silsoe, Beds, 66 was discovered in 1700 a mine of gold, which, being immediately seized for the king, according to law, it was let to some persons who employed labourers and artificers to purify it"; but it was not found sufficient "to answer the expense." In the same year another mine was discovered in a village called Taynton, on the northern borders of the Forest of Dean, of which a lease was granted to some refiners, who extracted gold from the ore; and Borlase, in the 'History of Cornwall,' relates that in 1753 several pieces of gold were found in what the miners call "stream tin." In Wales, 5,300 oz. were produced near Dolgelly in 1863, and 720 oz. in 1875-8. This, I believe, refers only to the mines worked in the Mawddach Valley, where the present operations are being carried on. |