The title is in red and black ink, and the names of printer and publisher in red. Some errors of the press are corrected on several pages, apparently by the hand of the author. JULIAN MARSHALL. IGNESHAM AND COTSMORE (7th S. vi. 507).I. A. would greatly facilitate reference for placenames if he would give some portion of the context to indicate the locality. By Ignesham is probably meant Egnesham, now Ensham or Eynsham, where there was a Benedictine abbey. It belonged to the Bishop of Lincoln temp. William I.; and so temp. Edward I.: "Abbas de Eynesham tenet totam villam de episcopatu Lincoln." ("Testa de Nevill,' p. 108 b). I can make out no trace of Ignesham, Cotsmore, probably Cotesmore ('Tax. Ecc. P. Nich. IV., p. 65), Cottesmore, near Oakham, Rut. (Post Office Guide, 1888). Temp. Edward I. "Godefredus de Gamages tenet xli terre in Cotesmore quondam Warini de Clapham quam rex dedit Willemo de Gamages patri Godefredi" ("Testa de Nevill,' p. 39 a). The notice of Cottesmore in Bacon's Liber Regis,' Lond., 1786, is:-"Cottesmore Rect. (St. Nicholas) cum cap. Barrow. Destructa." ED. MARSHALL. There can be little doubt that Cotsmore is the present Cottesmore, near Oakham. Could Ignesham have been Ickenham, near Uxbridge, or Icklesham, near Rye, in Kent? E. WALFORD, M.A. 7, Hyde Park Mansions, N.W. 'Elijah's Mantle.' It was written by Lord Randolph Churchill, and will be found in the FortF. D. T. nightly Review for May, 1883. 'DORA THORNE' (7th S. vii. 108).-Bertha M. Clay is the author of the above, together with about sixty other works, some of which were published in "The Family Story-Teller Library," viz. :— From Gloom to Sunlight. Broken Wedding-Ring. Rose in Thorns. Thorns and Orange Blossoms. CHAS. WM. F. Goss. CHOIL OF A KNIFE (7th S. vii. 127).—The word choil, i. e., the verb to choil, brings many old remembrances to my mind, and is intimately associated with pen and pocket knife making. My ancestors, on both paternal and maternal sides, have been cutlers for the last 200 years. My late grandfather (William Hems, of London) was one of the judges of cutlery at the 1851 Exhibition; and my mother's father and brother (Messrs. Geo. Wostenholm & Son, of Sheffield) were awarded a gold medal at the same exhibition for their cutlery. My late father was a cutler, and as a youth I passed three years-more or less unhappily-in the largest cutlery manufactory in Sheffield, and There is a Cotsmore (Camden), now Cottesmore, perhaps in the world. about four miles north of Oakham. After a pocket-knife comes from the workshops into the warehouse, polished and otherwise complete, it is put with others of its class upon a board," i. e., a long wooden shelf-like plate capable of holding several dozen knives, and this, with its contents, in ordinary course is handed to the "whetter." Before that artificer proceeds to put a cutting-edge on the blades, however, he takes his "three-square" file, and nicks out the corner of the steel where the tang and the edge of the blade join. My neighbour MR. ADDY falls into a little mistake in using the word "bolster." The bolster of a penknife is not a part of a blade, but of the "scales." It is the act of filing the junction of the tang and edge, whereby the general shape of the blade is materially improved, that is commonly known in Sheffield as "choiling." I have heard the same word in general use in the cutlery establishments at Beaver Falls, near Pittsburgh, U.S.; but that goes for little, as Sheffield workmen are plentiful there, and the word has naturally gone over there with them. HARRY HEMS. Fair Park, Exeter. It is a difficult matter to grind a knife right up to what is technically known as the "bolster." Consequently a small, rough, and jagged bit of bear transcription, perhaps F. W. P. will communi- formation sought for. It is taken from a catalogue steel is left, which has to be made smooth by a file. This filing cutlers call "choiling," and they do it by means of a rather smooth, three-sided file. Choil, then, here means " to file," but it would not be used with that meaning if the filing were done in any other part of the knife. The "choil" of a table-knife differs in appearance from that of a penknife, for in the table-knife the word is applied to the rounding off of the sharpened edge where it adjoins the bolster, there being no indentation. Gentleman of Trinity College, Oxford [Wm. Loveling]; The definition of choil, sb., in the 'Sheffield Glos-12mo., calf, 6s. 1741.-A rare little volume. The Gent.'s sary' applies only to a clasp-knife. One could not call the "choil" of a table-knife an "indentation." In that case it is a rounding off." The word is, however, nearly always applied to the indentation. Sheffield. S. O. ADDY. "Curious Poetry.-Latin and English Poems by a Mag., vol. lxxiii., states, Though they are written with a degree of licentiousness, pardonable only in a very young man, there is a flow of verse and an ease of deserving of some notice, in regard that they bespeak thought and expression throughout which render them the efforts of no ordinary writer.' One leaf damaged." E. RICHARDS. JOSEPH DRURY (7th S. vii. 147).—Lord Byron's eulogies of Dr. Drury will be found in 'Hours of Idleness,' in the poems and in the foot-notes to 'On the Change of Masters at a great Public School' (1805), and in Childish Recollections' (undated); but it is in Childe Harold,' canto iv., and in the foot-note to s. 75, that Lord Byron records his feeling of gratitude and veneration for Dr. Drury, "the best and worthiest friend I ever possessed.' Murray's one-volume edition of Lord Byron's 'Works,' 1837. FREDK. RULE. See DEATH OF CLIVE (7th S. vi. 207, 293, 430, 518; vii. 56).—If MR. GROOME has not yet solved the mystery of Clive's death, the following, as contemporary evidence, may be of use to him. On Nov. 23, 1774, Horace Walpole writes to Lady Ossory:"The nation had another great loss last night: Lord Clive went off suddenly. He had been sent for to town by one of his Indian friends-and died. You may imagine, Madam, all that is said already. In short, people will be forced to die before as many witnesses as an old Queen is brought to bed, or the coroner will be sent for. ......Lord H. has just been here, and told me the manner of Lord Clive's death. Whatever had happened, it had I may refer ALPHA to a source where one would flung him into convulsions, to which he was very subject. Dr. Fothergill gave him, as he had done on like occasions, naturally expect to find Byron's opinion of Dr. a dose of laudanum, but the pain in his bowels was Drury; i. e., Moore's 'Life of Byron,' vol. i. p. 64, so violent, that he asked for a second dose. Dr. Fother-vol. vii. p. 147, and vol. viii. p. 225 (edited with gill said, if he took another, he would be dead in an hour. 'Works' in 14 vols., 1832), will give him all he The moment Fothergill was gone, he swallowed another, wants. E. M. S. for another, it seems, stood by him, and he is dead."Letters' (Cunningham's ed.), vol. vi. pp. 151-2. [Other communications are at the service of ALPHA,] This is circumstantial enough, and seems to sug- BEARDED DARNEL and Barley (7th S. vii. 46). gest that Clive's death was only semi-suicidal. But Lolium temulentum the question seems to have been involved in mys-is one of the very few deleterious grasses, and there tery from a very early period, for on Nov. 29, 1774, are many instances on record of its serious effects; even Walpole writes to Sir H. Mann :— death being caused by eating bread containing darnel. Its poisonous properties were well known to Theophrastus and other Greek writes, and Gerard, in his 'Herbal,' says, The new bread wherein darnel is, eaten hot, causeth drunkenness,' hence in some books it is called 'drunken darnel.' It is also said to cause blindness" (Smith's 'Bible Plants '). "Lord Clive has died every death in the parish register; at present it is most fashionable to believe he cut his throat. That he is dead, is certain." M. G. DAUGLISH. Lincoln's Inn. LOVELYN'S 'POEMS' (7th S. vii. 49).—The name should be Loveling. "Benjamin Loveling, Vicar of Banbury, was educated at Clare Hall, Cambridge, where he took the degree of M.A. in 1697. His son Benjamin, who was born at Banbury, was matriculated of Trinity College, Oxford, July 18th, 1728, aged seventeen years."-Beesley's 'History of Banbury,' p. 510. His name occurs in Foster's Alumni Oxonienses,' vol. iii., as above, from which it appears that he did not take a degree. Halkett and Laing, who mention only the second edition, 1741, 12mo., call him "William Loveling." This must be an error. If the MS. notes be contemporary, and will and fatal convulsions" (Systematic Arrangement Miscellaneous. NOTES ON BOOKS, &. with the progress of the work. A Shakspeare with higher claim to popular support has not recently been given to the world. As more than half of the plays have been published, the close of this important undertaking is within measurable reach. "THE BALUCH AND AFGHAN FRONTIERS OF INDIA' resumes in the Fortnightly the series of all-important contributions to our knowledge of the military outlook which are owing to the author of Greater Britain.' It is difficult to over-estimate the value of the information, to a certain extent reassuring, here supplied. Madame The Story of the Nations.-Holland. By James E. Blaze de Bury, writing with indignation on The DecaThorold Rogers. (Fisher Unwin.) dence of French Thought,' finds the beginning of the corTHIS series is like many others of the present day in one ruption in Victor Hugo, and delivers an animated inparticular, the volumes succeed each other with such Veighal against Germinie Lacerteux' and subsequent rapidity that it is difficult to keep up with them. Hol- French works of a kindred nature. Supplying a second land is, however, so connected with England and bound up instalment of The Characteristics of English Women,' with our history that we advise every one to read what Mrs. Lynn Linton begins with the heroic death of Anne Prof. Rogers has to tell us, and in a very pleasing form Askew and ends with Mrs. Thrale. Dr. Robson Roose does he contrive to bestow upon us a great many facts writes on The London Water Supply' and Prof. Max and a good deal of general information. An exhaustive Müller on 'Some Lessons of Antiquity.'-The Nineteenth history of the Seven United Provinces of course it is not Century is polemical. Dr. Wace and the Bishop of Peter-no one could expect it to be such-but a chatty, agree-borough reply to the recent paper of Prof. Huxley on able book, in well expressed English, and freer than contrives to be severe in implication. Prof, Huxley him 'Agnosticism,' and the former, while courteous in phrase, usual from the blunders that generally disfigure compilations of this kind, is what we have found it. The self, meanwhile, in 'The Value of Witness to the Miraauthor can convey his meaning in a very terse manner culous,' opens out ground for further debate, and Mrs. at times, as when he tells us that "Drake had gone Humphry Ward in The New Reformation has more round the world in 1577, and had picked up a good deal speculation upon evidence and authority. Mr. Myers, of experience, and some property which belonged to the writing on 'Tennyson as a Prophet,' does not "scape the infection." Prof. Max Müller answers the Duke of King of Spain, on his voyage." We cannot agree with one remark made by Prof. Argyll on the question whether we can think without Rogers. He says: "The rout and ruin of the great words. Under the head of Westminster Abbey and its Armada is the best-known fact in the history of all Monuments' Mr. William Morris suggests the forbidding English-speaking nations." Surely this is a mistake? further memorials in Westminster Abbey in place of Have we not been told from the days of our extreme erecting a Victoria chapel, and the editor suggests the youth even until now, in many and various places, amid placing of future monuments in the Cloisters.-The Cenvarious ranks of our English-speaking peoples, that tury still holds aloft its head. A delightful paper on York Cathedral' has some sound criticism upon that "Oliver Cromwell destroyed all the old castles and buildings that yet exist in tradition, broke all the glass noble edifice, and gives pictures of it from every point in our cathedrals and larger churches, and cut off King of view that must delight the lover of the great northern Charles's head." This series of facts (?) we take to be cathedral. Gaddi and Taddeo Gaddi are treated by Mr. Stillman in his essays on 'Old Italian Masters.' Some more deeply impressed on the national mind than any other fact or fiction recorded by history. We have tested very curious particulars concerning the Grand Lama of the index to this 'History of Holland,' and are very the Trans-Baikal are supplied in a finely-illustrated glad to be able to say that we have found it unusually picture of travel. Not a very tempting spot to visit accurate. This is, we are aware, no great praise, con- appears to be that depicted. Christian Ireland' is a sidering the style in which an index is generally pre-Waves' may be commended to an interminable series of very attractive paper. 'The Use of Oil to Still the sented to the public. inquirers after the origin of the well-known phrase of The Works of Shakespeare. Edited by Henry Irving and "pouring oil on troubled waters."-James Smith' is Frank A. Marshall. Vol. V. (Blackie & Son.) the subject of a brilliant and discursive essay in Temple THE fifth volume of the 'Henry Irving Shakespeare' in- Bar, which, after supplying much gossip of highest intecludes All's Well that Ends Well,' 'Julius Cæsar,' rest, ends by discussing the Lyceum 'Macbeth. Leech's 'Measure for Measure,' 'Troilus and Cressida,' and Bottle' deals with the well-known mark on his designs. 'Macbeth.' The play last named is substituted for 'To the North Cape' describes what is perhaps the most "Hamlet,' which, according to the scheme of the editors, enjoyable summer tour in Europe. Rabelais' is an should have been included in the present volume. Its appreciative, but a rather disappointing article.-In Macnon-appearance is due to accidental causes, and the edi-millan's Mr. Alexander Stuart endeavours to answer the tors, rather than postpone the appearance of the work, much-debated question What is Humour ?' • Leaves have wisely decided to give Macbeth' in its place. If, like from a Note-Book' deals with Matthew Arnold's verdict his great adversary Macduff, Macbeth is thus "untimely on Macaulay's 'Lays of Rome.' Very striking is Sir ripped," his appearance at least is opportune. At the Robert Ball's account of Celestial Photography.'present moment the thoughts of playgoers and students General Booth, in Murray's Magazine, tells What is are fixed upon Macbeth,' and Mr. Irving's theories as the Salvation Army,' and defends that curious and to the parts to be excised are of immediate interest. Mr. assertive movement. 'A Blind Deaf Mute,' by Mr. C. Marshall gives a long and valuable account of the literary Percy Jones, describes an interesting individual whose history of the play, to be enriched in some future edition enjoyment of existence seems to have been independent by the discussion on the 1673 'Macbeth' at present being of faculties customarily held necessary. 'Exotic Birds conducted in N. & Q. The introduction and notes to for Great Britain,' by Mr. W. H. Hudson, is admirable. all the plays are worthy of the most careful study, and It echoes-vainly it is to be feared-the protest against the illustrations improve, or, at least, grow upon one the so-called naturalists who kill birds to enrich their pitiful collections and the women who select carcasses as adornments. Mr. James Hutton, in the Gentleman's, under the head' Once upon a Time,' gives some particulars of foreign opinion concerning England, of which any amount may be found in a volume of one of Mr. Elliot Stock's series recently reviewed in our columns. Mr. Ar; chibald Forbes describes a thrilling Outpost Adventure.' Mr. Percy Fitzgerald in' How to Visit the National Gallery' has some good suggestions as to the kind of cata logue still required, and Mr. E. Walford describes a Pilgrimage to Newstead.'-Longman's has a paper by the late P. H. Gosse, F.R.S., on A Country Day-School Seventy Years Ago.' In this, which deals with Poole, in Dorset, is some folk-lore with new variants of wellknown rhymes. Cool Orchids,' by Mr. Frederick Boyle, shows with what ease some varieties may be cultivated. Snow, Frost, Storm, and Avalanche,' in the Cornhill, gives some curious particulars of life in mountainous regions. Desert Sands' is a readable contribution to our knowledge of wild life.-An account of' Leeds' in the English Illustrated gives a good idea of that swarthy capital of labour, with the grimy beauty of its picturesque surroundings. Kensington Palace' is also described, Moroni's Portrait of a Tailor' is reproduced, and there is a pleasing design, called 'Carpe Diem,' to a verse of Shakspeare's.-The Scottish Art Review has the begin ning of an attractive account of Life in Anticoli-Corrado.' It reproduces Mr. Arthur Melville's picture of The Snake-Charmers,' Old and New London, Part XVIII., leads off the publications of Messrs. Cassell & Co. This part deals with Islington, Canonbury, King's Cross, Pentonville, Sadler's Wells, Bagnigge Wells, Copenhagen Fields, &c. Two very interesting views of London from Clerkenwell in 1758, by Canaletti, are in the number, and the views of "Merry Islington" a century ago are very suggestive to the modern Londoner.-Our Own Country is to be completed in sixty parts, of which the fiftieth has appeared. Southampton and Dorchester, with pleasant views of abbeys, churches, Roman remains, &c., are given. Why this agreeable publication should not be extended to twice the length we fail to see. Our country will not be exhausted in ten more parts.-Part XXXVIII, of the Illustrated Shakespeare all but completes King Henry VIII.,' and with it the historical plays. The illustrations are principally occupied with the king in his gallantries. -The Encyclopaedic Dictionary, Part LXII., carries the alphabet from "Re-enthrone to "Retroversion," and gives specially ample information under "Regeneration," Religion," and "Reptile."-Naumann's History of Music, translated, Part XII.., is still occupied with the Netherlands School of Music, and gives a portrait of Lassus, with the beginning of an "adoramus te Christe" of his composition. It has also facsimile autographs of Haydn and Glück.-From Fiji Picturesque Australasia, Part V., passes to Tasmania, giving a good account of Hobart, of the lovely site of which and the picturesque environs good views are supplied. In the letterpress the customary climb of the visitor to Hobart to the top of Mount Wellington is described.-Celebrities of the Century, Part II., is occupied with A from "Arnott," and B to "Berryer." Balzac, Odillon Barrot, Beaconsfield, Belzoni, Bentham, and Beranger are among the more important biographies.-Woman's World has an interesting and a capitally illustrated paper by Miss Ella Hepworth Dixon, 'Women on Horseback,' and an account of the 'Birthplace of Angelica Kauffman,' which, among other designs, includes a reproduction of the portrait by this painter of herself from the Uffizi Gallery. PART XX. of the Bookbinder has a 'Short History of Bookbinding,' by Mr. Quaritch; a paper on 'Worcester Cathedral Library,' by Mr. Salt Brassington; and much practical information. A fine binding by Padeloup for Louis XV. is reproduced. PART LXIV. of Mr. Hamilton's collection of Parodies contains travesties of Rossetti, W. Morris, Oscar Wilde, and Martin Tupper. MR. E. J. WALL has published through Messrs. Hazell, Watson & Viney a Dictionary of Photography, which, while well up to date, fulfils its purpose of a popular and a trustworthy manual. Notices to Carrespondents. We must call special attention to the following notices: ON all communications must be written the name and address of the sender, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. WE cannot undertake to answer queries privately. must observe the following rule. Let each note, query, To secure insertion of communications correspondents or reply be written on a separate slip of paper, with the signature of the writer and such address as he wishes to appear. Correspondents who repeat queries are requested to head the second communication "Duplicate." JONATHAN BOUCHIER.-(1) "Luddite." "An imbecile named Ned Lud, living in a village in Leicestershire, being tormented by some boys......pursued one of them into a house and......broke two stocking frames. His (Harriet Martineau, quoted in the Reader's Handbook,' name was taken by those who broke power looms by Dr. Brewer).-(2) Rebecca." The name arose from a perversion of Gen. xxiv. 60, "And they blessed Rebekah, and said unto her......let thy seed possess the Handbook) (3), old. gate of those which hate them (Brewer's 'Reader's "Old Plays." 6 Agreeable Surprise,' Fielding. Capricious Lady,' 1771, by Mrs. Page; and 1781, by John Lottery, 1731, by Henry 1783, altered from Beaumont and Fletcher, by William Cooke. Dissipation,' 1781, by Miles Peter Andrews. Divorce,' 1771, by Lady Dorothea Dubois; 1781, by Isaac Jackman. Duellist,' 1773, by William Kenrick. 1810, by Sir J. Bland Burgess, Romp,' 1789, attributed 'Cross Purposes,' 1772, by Obrien or O'Brien, 'Riches,' Word to the Wise,' 1770, by Hugh Kelly. Unhappy Lloyd. Two to One,' 1784, by George Colman. Marriage,' we know of no such play. to PROF. FELS ("Notes on English Translations of Schiller").-Such would be welcome, and might appear occasionally. AN OLD READER wishes to know if the phrase "It had the nodosities of the oak without its strength, the contortions of the Sybil without her inspiration," is by Johnson or Binks. 472; ii. 57.-(2) We dare not take the responsibility of E. CASSEUS.-(1) "Hobson's Choice." See 2nd S. i. answering legal questions. CORRIGENDA.-P. 118, col. i. 1. 12 from bottom, for "lain to rest" read laid to rest. P. 155, col. ii. 1. 28, for "1846" read 1746. P. 168, col. i. 1. 24, for " George Narburne Vincent" read George Narbonne Vincent. LONDON, SATURDAY, MARCH 16, 1889. CONTENTS.-N° 168. NOTES:-Drinking the Sea Dry, 201-Dictionary of National Conduct of the Allies,' 207. QUERIES:-Public Executions-W. Mitford-"Divine As- REPLIES:-The Pelican, 209-Definition of a Proverb-Did Aldermen of London, 217-Whitepot-Charge of English and French Regiments-Radical Reform, 218. NOTES ON BOOKS :-Venables's Life of John Bunyan' and, again, in the old French romance of 'Berinus,' an abstract of which is given in my appendix to the spurious, but curious, Canterbury Tale of Beryn,' printed for the Chaucer Society. In a slightly different form it occurs in the 'Gesta Romanorum,' tale xix. of the first of the old English texts edited by Sir F. Madden for the Roxburghe Club; in the Italian novels of Sacchetti; and in the pleasantries of the German arch-rogue Tyl Eulenspiegel, where to the question of "How many gallons of salt water are in the sea?" the joker answers : "Four hundred and eighty millions, seven hundred and thirty thousand, two hundred and sixty-four, and two-thirds, good measure. If ye believe not what I say, cause ye all the rivers and streams which run therein to stand still, and I will measure it, and if it prove not as I say, then will I confess that I am unwise." I find those singular people the Ainos are also acquainted with this jest, which they relate thus, according to No. xxxii. of Prof. Basil Hall Chamberlain's 'Aino Folk-Tales,' privately printed for the Folk-lore Society : "There was the Chief of the Mouth of the River and the Chief of the Upper Current of the River. The former was very vainglorious, and therefore wished to put the latter to shame or to kill him by engaging him in an Lewis's Holy Places of Jerusalem'-Plumptre's 'Life of attempt to perform something impossible. So he sent for Thomas Ken.' Notices to Correspondents, &c. Notes. DRINKING THE SEA DRY. In the diverting tale of 'The Sandal-wood Merchant and the Blind Old Man,' which occurs in all the Eastern versions of the 'Book of Sindibád,' the unlucky merchant, having played at dice or draughts with a sharper and lost, is required to "drink up the waters of the sea" or surrender all his property. He goes at night in disguise to the house of the Shaykh of Thieves, a blind and decrepit old man, withal exceedingly intelligent, where all the sharpers assembled to recount to him the day's adventures; and when the dice-player tells of his bargain with the merchant, the old man says that he has done a very foolish thing, for the merchant might ask him to first stop all the streams and rivers that are flowing into the sea, which the merchant takes good care to do the next day, when he is required to perform the task. This seems to have been a favourite jest in Europe during medieval times. It reappears in the apocryphal 'Life of Esop,' by Maximus Planudes, a monk of the fourteenth century, where we are told that Xanthus, the master of the fabulist, getting drunk at a symposium, wagered his house and all it contained that he would drink the sea dry, and Esop gets him out of the scrape next morning by suggesting that he should demand that the rivers be first stopped; him and said: 'The sea is a useful thing, in so far as it is the original home of the fish which come up the river. But it is very destructive in stormy weather, when it beats wildly upon the beach. Do you now drink it dry, so that there may be rivers and dry land only. If you cannot do so, then forfeit all your possessions.' The other (greatly to the vainglorious man's surprise) said: 'I to the beach, the Chief of the Upper Current of the accept the challenge.' So, on their going down together River took a cup and scooped up a little of the sea-water with it, drank a few drops, and said: 'In the sea-water itself there is no harm. It is some of the rivers flowing the mouths of all the rivers both in Aino-land and in into it that are poisonous. Do you, therefore, first close Japan, and prevent them from flowing into the sea, and then I will undertake to drink the sea dry.' Hereupon the Chief of the Mouth of the River felt ashamed, acknowledged his error, and gave all his treasures to his rival." Now it may be argued by "anthropological" folk-lorists that such an idea as this might well be conceived by any people, and therefore we have no need to seek for some foreign source. I grant itsaving and excepting such a stupid and barbarous race as the Ainos, who never could have imagined such a thing. No! They got the story from the Japanese, who in their turn obtained it, along with many other Indian stories, through Buddhist books. It is the opinion of not a few learned men who have made a special study of popular fictions that the 'Book of Sindibád '-out of which sprang the work generally known in Europe under the title of 'The Seven Wise Masters of Rome,' which, however, was not imported in a written form, as Paulin Paris has conclusively shown-was originally of Buddhist contrivance; and, if this be so, the exist |