CASA DE PILATOS (7th S. vii. 107).-I went over this building about ten years ago. According to Ford (Murray's 'Handbook for Spain') it is "so called because said to be built in imitation of that of Pilate at Jerusalem. The black cross in the Patio is the point from whence Las Estaciones, the stations to the Cruz del Campo, begin. Few Spanish cities are without these stations, which generally lead to the Calvario, a Golgotha, or hill with crosses on it, and erected in memorial of the crucifixion. During Passion Week these stations are visited, and at each of them a prayer is said. This palace was built in 1533 by the great nobleman of the day, Fadrique Enriquez de Ribera, in commemoration of his having performed the pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 1519. He was accompanied by the poet Juan de la Encina, who published their tour (Tribagia, Roma, 1521)." The traditional part of the Via Dolorosa at Jerusalem commences with the palace of Pilate (now the governor's house), and zigzags through the city to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. HENRY DRAKE. The story I was told on the spot was that it was built by a noble Romero in memory of his visit to the Holy Land as a facsimile of the house where our Lord was judged, made out from the remains that were pointed out to him as such. I cannot at the moment refer to my notes to ascertain the Romero's name, but I fancy it should be in the guide-books. I remember the marble stairs, the pillar of the flagellation, the basin in which Pilate washed his hands, &c., in reputed facsimile. R. H. BUSK, This beautiful Moorish house was built by a Duke of Medina Coeli, and remains in his family. It is most probably, like the exquisite Alcazar in the same city, the work of Moorish captives. I visited it some years ago. It was then in a sad state of neglect, unlike the Alcazar, which has been carefully restored. The reason of its being called the Casa de Pilatos is, as I was then told, that it was the house of Pilate in Jerusalem, and removed by the hands of angels to Seville. E. LEATON BLENKINSOPP. 'COACHING DAYS AND COACHING WAYS' (7th S. vii. 106).—MR. W. R. TATE says he, "for one," regrets the breaking up of the old system of road travelling; and I say ditto to MR. TATE. But I have one correction and one confirmation to offer to his remarks on the work by W. O. Tristram which he criticizes. The correction regards his (MR. TATE'S) remark that whereas the illustrations he is criticizing represent "the leader's reins as being drawn through rings on the wheelers' cheeks," they invariably passed over the heads of the wheelers in the case of the old coaches. Invariably is a dangerous word. The reins were generally arranged as MR. But there always were some horses who were annoyed and made nervous by the reins passing between their ears, and in such cases the TATE asserts. practice of placing them in the manner MR. TATE supposes to be a modern innovation was resorted to in days which I remember, and which are probably long anterior to any remembrances of his. I may add that I think in dating "the period of the perfection of roads and road travelling" from 1784 he puts it a good thirty years too early. My first coach journeys date from about 1817, and I can testify to very notable improvements both in roads and coaching much after that date. Now for my confirmation. The illustrations, by H. Railton and H. Thomson, which "always depict two persons on the box seat beside the coachman," which MR. TATE objects to, are in truth a monstrosity in the eyes of an old coaching man. MR. TATE says that invariably there was but one. Alas! we have trouble again with that dangerous invariably; and very serious trouble often arose from the fallibility of it. The fact is that there was a very heavy penalty (50%., I think) on placing a third person on the box, the very reasonable motive of the regulation being that it was quite justly considered that the driver could not have sufficient elbow-room and "scope and verge enough" for doing his work with safety if he were encumbered with more than one passenger on the box. Moreover, this heavy penalty was one of those which were recoverable by any informer; and the result was that the roads were infested by such gentry, not only on the look-out for a contravention, but practising all sorts of dodges to inveigleagood-natured or greedy coachman into letting a third man get up "just for a few miles." But the game was so well known that such an application was apt to be answered by a coil of thong winding itself round the thighs of the applicant. MR. TATE writes, "The box seat was the coveted place, for which a small extra fare was demanded." Read" for which a small extra tip was expected." The demand of extra fare points to a much later day of more urgent competition and less liberal dealings. As an indication of the rapid oblivion of the brightest glory, I may mention, while on the subject of coaching, that I read the other day (in All the Year Round, I think) of "the famous Quicksilver" starting from Piccadilly at 4 P.M.! and reaching Exeter late the following evening!! Oh, dear! oh, dear! Shade of Jack Pier! Budleigh Salterton. T. ADOLPHUS TROLLOPE. discovered, forms a beautiful varnish, applicable to various purposes......The brilliant lantern at the bottom of Queen-street, which is thirty feet high, is illuminated from these works, and is very useful to the shipping; the method of lighting it is ingenious-a tube, perforated at intervals from the bottom of the burner, admits a stream of gas by means of a stopcock, which, issuing through the apertures, by lighting the bottom jet, the ignition passes rapidly from one to the other till it reaches the burner in the lantern."-P. 961. Liverpool. J. F. MANSERGH. DEATH WARRANT OF CHARLES I. (7th S. vii. 8, 114).—I can remember many years ago (about 1844) possessing a copy in facsimile of this document on a large oblong folio sheet, at the top of which was an etching of the unfortunate king, having long hair descending on the shoulders, and wearing his George suspended round his neck by a ribbon. This was presumably the same which he gave to Bishop Juxon on the scaffold, saying at the same time, "Remember." The warrant was engrossed in the ancient court hand at that date in use, and the signatures of the commissioners were appended, having at the sides their seals in red wax, though the heraldic bearings incised upon them were very faint and indistinct. The first three signatures adhibited were Jo. Bradshaw, Tho. Grey, O. Cromwell; and the warrant, which was dated January 29, 1648, ended, "Given under our hands and seals." It was bought in London, and its ultimate destination was being pasted upon the wall of a bedroom. JOHN PICKFORD, M.A. Newbourne Rectory, Woodbridge. It may be worth while to mention that a facsimile of this document, with the seals, was published some years ago by Mr. J. C. Hotten, and is still advertised for sale by Messrs. Chatto & Windus, at the price of two shillings. Hastings. EDWARD H. MARSHALL, M.A. BLANKET (7th S. vii. 106).-Thomas Blanket was one of three Flemish brothers, clothmakers in Bristol, and was in 1340 ordered by a local court to pay a heavy fine "for having caused various machines for weaving and making woollen cloths to be set up in his houses and for having hired weavers and other workmen for this purpose." And in a licence to the officers of the port of Bristol permitting the Pope's collector to export certain household goods in the year 1382, are enumerated "duos blanketos pro uno lecto." But we find the word in different forms before the fourteenth century. Ducange gives a quotation from a monastic rule of 1152, where certain clothing is ordered to be made "de blancheto." In an article in the Quarterly Review for 1846 the idea that blankets take their name from one Thomas Blanket is ridiculed. CONSTANCE RUSSELL. Swallowfield, Reading. The derivation of this word is generally attributed to the name of the first manufacturer of the article, who is sometimes said to have been a Flemish weaver settled in Bristol. In an article on this city in the Saturday Review recently this latter derivation was given; but Blanket was a surname in England as early as the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, so it is not necessary to search beyond our own country for the name. B. FLORENCE SCARLETT. I have always understood that these articles of creature comfort were named after the man who first manufactured them, a native, or at all events a parishioner, of St. Stephen's parish, Bristol. E. WALFORD, M.A. 7, Hyde Park Mansions, N.W. Bristol, is 1340, and it would probably be difficult The date of the supposed Thomas Blanket, of to get behind that. The name, however, was formerly applied to white garments and to a white pear (Pyrum subalbidum in Littleton), from which it would appear that blanc is the root, as Murray, Skeat, and other modern etymologists tell us. C. C. B. DEATH OF CLIVE (7th S. vi. 207, 293, 430, 518; vii. 56, 198).-Horace Walpole's letters about Lord Clive's death show, when taken together, that they only give contemporary gossip, not evidence. The family naturally kept silence; although one of the many rumours was that he died by cutting his throat, the fact was first published in a circumstantial account by Mr. Gleig in his 'Life of Clive' in 1840. We know that contemporary reports of and Mr. Gleig's account differs somewhat from the events at first hand constantly differ in details, tradition in my family, which is in substance as follows. Lord Clive suffered pain greater than he could bear from an internal complaint, though not, as Dr. Johnson had heard, from remorse of mind. He was playing cards one evening in his house in Berkeley Square with his friend and secretary Henry Strachey, Mrs. Strachey, and Miss Patty Ducarel. During a game, he got up and went out of the room. As he did not come back, Mr. Strachey said to his wife, "You had better see where my lord is." She went out, and found him lying on the floor with his throat cut. She told the story to her son Henry, who told it to me, his nephew. His father could never bear to mention the subject. Not long before Mr. Gleig's death I wrote to ask him where he got his account from, as it somewhat differed from mine. But I had unfortunately de layed too long. He could not then remember, though he thought it was from the Clive family EDWARD STRACHEY. Sutton Court. Miscellaneous. NOTES ON BOOKS, &c. Francis Bacon (Lord Verulam): a Critical Review of his Life and Character. With Selections from his Writings. By B. G. Lovejoy. (Fisher Unwin.) MR. LOVEJOY has written a most timely book. It might not unfitly be entitled 'Bacon: a Protest against Hero Worship.' We cannot enter into the never-ending controversy as to Bacon's moral character. That, however, is a small matter compared with the tendency which now shows itself in all directions to whitewash every man, no matter what his acts may have been, who has had a long and deep-seated influence on the life and conduct of succeeding generations. This is at once foolish and dangerous. The laws that govern right and wrong are immutable, though of course men of one age see their way among the complex things of life more clearly than those of another. But because a man has been incidentally a benefactor to his race it does not follow that his ends were good or his actions worthy. We may believe that the religious changes of the sixteenth century were inevitable without thinking Henry VIII. or Elizabeth admirable. We may be thankful that there was a party opposed to the court in the reign of Charles II., and that it found an efficient leader in the first Earl of Shaftesbury, without giving way to a feeling of admiration for the patron of Titus Oates. In like manner we may value the great treasure of lofty thoughts which we possess in the writings of Lord Verulam without absolving him from the many mean and degrading things recorded of him. To try to efface the moral guilt of a man because he was intellectually powerful is as stupid a blunder in morals as it is to value men solely for their physical strength, as some savages are said to do, or for their long and illustrious ancestry, a weakness which we find in all stages of culture, Sir Thomas More flourished in a less refined time than Bacon. He was a man of powerful intellect, but in power of thought by no means to be compared with the author of the Novum Organum'; yet no one who has followed his career and noted his simple and honest life, which ended on the scaffold, can bring himself to believe that he would, for anything in the world, have been guilty of the tricks which degraded the latter. Because Bacon's is a great name in thought and letters it is not fair to think worse of the evil in his nature on that account. The temptations which surround the man of genius are as hard to bear as those which oppress the dolt. To maintain that genius gives an extra power of resisting evil is a mistake; the wise man and the stupid here stand on a level. It is, however, far more dangerous to explain away the errors of a man like Bacon than it is to speak lightly of the divergences from the straight line of those men who are only remembered for their violation of the law of justice. Memoirs of above Half a Century. By "Owen Squire." (John Bumpus.) We cannot make our readers understand the pleasure this book has given us. It is in no sort a great work. The author, we are quite sure, is not under the impression that it is; but though not a work of high class, it is just the volume to take up after a long run with hounds or a heavy day's work in the office. When body and mind are tired we do not want anything exciting or such food for thought as shall set the brain a-working, trying to solve problems the interpretation of which is not for this world. What we desire is a succession of pleasant pictures clothed in clear and homely language, which shall not set us thinking of the last fashions in philosophy or of the words to be added to the vocabulary of Dr. Murray's great dictionary. The gentleman who calls himself "Owen Squire " has just hit our taste. The only fault we shall find-and as reviewers it would never do if long enough. He must in his long experience have noted we did not carp at something is that he has not made it many other curious facts which he has not committed to that would have delighted Lord Macaulay, if anybody of paper. "Owen Squire's " memories are just of the kind the time of William III. or Anne had been sensible enough to write in his vein. Jottings about what a man has himself heard and seen are much more interesting. than what he has gathered from books or the investigations of scientific experts. The author visited Tasmania somewhere about thirty years ago, and that, our readers must remember, is a very remote period in the annals of that lovely dependency. There are a few jokes scattered about, at which we have been inclined to laugh. They are not, however, among the best parts of the volume. The story of the preacher who, on being taken to task for some important violation of one of the ten commandments, said, "God's lambs will play," is not, as the author thinks, a new perversity. We have met with it in more than one obscure tract of the time of our great Civil War. No one has yet found out what is the lowest depth of imbecility to which the designers of sepulchral monuments can sink. The Pembrokeshire sculptor who carved on a monument to one of the Bulkeleys a tear surrounded by a laurel wreath must have gone very near to reaching the bottom. work of a church being, when a great man died, painted We have heard of the woodblack, picked out with white tears, looking for all the world like wriggling tadpoles, and we have seen the marble tears in the eyes of certain cherubs round the tomb of William the Silent at Delft; but a tear treated as a separate object is new to us. It is worthy of the inventive faculties of the eighteenth century heralds, who have done their best to fill the peerage with hideous monstrosities. The Two Town Halls of Liverpool. By Sir J. A. Picton. (Liverpool, Walmsley.) Notes on the Local Historical Changes in the Surface of THE present town hall of Liverpool is one hundred and the Land in and about Liverpool. (Same publishers.) forty years old. With the exception of a part of the Bluecoat School it is the oldest public building in the city. It replaces an older building, covered originally with thatch, which can have had little claims to architectural beauty. Though Liverpool is not a new city-it was incorporated by John-it has so few antiquities that the inhabitants have come to look upon their town hall as a venerable antiquity. Sir James Picton's history of it will, we are sure, be of service to many. The interest that a building has to men of the present generation cannot be measured by years. As an architectural composition the Liverpool town hall is pleasing, though low-water mark. We should be very sorry if we heard built at a time when English architecture had sunk to English" or "Queen Anne" structure such as it is now of any plan being on foot for replacing it by any "Early the fashion to admire with sectarian exclusiveness, which is sure to produce a violent reaction. old Liverpool has so altered the features of the country The vast accumulation of buildings around what was that no one but a local antiquary can reconstruct in imagination what the neighbourhood was like in Plan tagenet or Tudor times. Where are now streets and squares was then a land of streams and jutting rocks. The valleys have been filled up and built over, the rocks hewn away for building material. We do not grudge the fact that these features of natural beauty have been replaced by the abodes of humanity, but we are very glad to have at hand what we may call a guide-book to Liverpool before it fell under the domain of man. Old Chelsea: a Summer Day's Stroll. By Benjamin Ellis Martin. Illustrated by Joseph Pennell. (Fisher Unwin.) THIS is a charming book; text and illustrations are alike. That is just what they should be. The only fault we have to find is that it is far too short. Chelsea is an historic village, connected with the national life in a thousand ways; and when we reach the last page we are still hungry for more. We do not know whether Mr. Martin is an antiquary or not. We should conceive he is, though he keeps his feelings in the background; for, elight as are his sketches, he has avoided blunders, or we have not been keen enough to detect them. A good history of Chelsea is much wanted-one that shall give us minute details, and, above all things else, shall have maps showing us the state of the village from time to time. One of these should mark the spots memorable for the abode of persons we all love and reverence. How few of us there are who identify as we go along the place that was once the home of the holy chancellor Sir Thomas More, the house where L. E. L. (Miss Landon) was born, or that in which Carlyle lived for so many years. We believe that Mr. Martin could produce an excellent book of this kind, embodying all that is valuable in Faulkner's now antiquated volume and giving much new knowledge. Mr. Martin's English is remarkably good; but, like the rest of us, he trips now and then. Speaking of families in pre-Reformation times building chantries attached to their parish churches, he tells us of the founders "deeding or bequeathing it, as they did any other real estate." Deeding is a frightful word. He may have authority for it. We fear he has; but that makes it none the less hideous. Conveying by deed" is the proper form, which we trust will take the place of "deeding" in any new edition. Fragments of the Greek Comic Poets. With Renderings into English Verse, By F. A. Paley. (Sonnenschein & Co.) Ir we were to call in question English Greek scholarship, we should be most justly taken to task for showing either ignorance or extreme prejudice. Several names at once occur to us which rank on a level with the best of the German students. It is, however, none the less true that the instruction in Greek furnished by our universities is of a far narrower kind than is to be wished. The "good men who come out in honours know their books well, but few know anything beyond them. Englishmen have not yet freed themselves from the narrow surroundings of the revival of letters. They do not seem to be aware that the use of learning a language is not to be able to construe, but to master its literature. The literature of Greece that has survived-leaving out of consideration the Christian authors, which belong to a different category-is so vast that but few persons can master it all; but it is not well that men's reading should be cabined in within the rim of a circle of short radius. Mr. Paley is admitted on all hands to be one of the greatest living scholars. We are thankful to him for having produced the little book before us. It is in itself, from the first page to the last, interesting to those even who do not know a word of the Greek language. The translations are excellently done, and show a complete mastery of English as well as Greek. They are a thought too free, perhaps, to give satisfaction to persons of very rigourist tendencies, but they admirably give the sense. Had Menander or Antiphanes been Englishmen we can imagine that they would have used the very words in which Mr. Paley has re-vested their ideas. We confess, however, that the chief value of the book in our eyes consists in the fact that it opens out new lines of thought to young scholars, who have been but too apt to think that there was little worth reading in the tongue of Hellas outside the books used in their university course. THE "Record Series" of the Yorkshire Archæological and Topographical Association is making good progress. We have received the fifth volume, which consists of the second portion of a calendar of The Feet of Fines for that shire. The years covered are from 1571 to 1582— a short period, yet one embracing vast changes in landed property. Such a book is not meant to be read; but it will be constantly referred to by every one who is interested in the manorial or genealogical history of that great shire. So far as we have been able to test it, we are work excellently. There is a twofold index, one of perbound to say that Dr. Collins, the compiler, has done his sons and another of places. We have, for the purpose of testing it, made many references, and have not detected a solitary error. Le Livre for March 10 opens with a further and encouraging report upon M. Uzanne's scheme for the formation of the projected Société des Bibliophiles Contemporains. The correspondence, not wholly edifying, of the Prince de Ligne with Casanova is closed, and there is an excellent paper on L'Euvre Poétique d'Alexander Dumas.' MR. ELLIOT Srock is about to bring out a facsimile of the unique black-letter ABC Primer of 1538, which is in the library of Emanuel College, Cambridge. Mr. Shuckburgh, the librarian of the college, will write a bibliographical introduction to the reproduction. Notices to Correspondents. We must call special attention to the following notices : ON all communications must be written the name and address of the sender, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. WE cannot undertake to answer queries privately. To secure insertion of communications correspondents must observe the following rule. Let each note, query, or reply be written on a separate slip of paper, with the signature of the writer and such address as he wishes to appear. Correspondents who repeat queries are requested to head the second communication "Duplicate." STEPHANIE('A Mad World, my Masters').-This is the title of a play by Thomas Middleton, the Elizabethan dramatist, 1608, 4to. of Dates' the American Civil War ended with the surAN ENGLISHMAN.-According to Haydn's 'Dictionary render of General Kirby Smith, May 26, 1865. NOTICE. Editorial Communications should be addressed to "The Editor of Notes and Queries" "-Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher"-at the Office, 22, Took's Court, Cursitor Street, Chancery Lane, E.C. We beg leave to state that we decline to return communications which, for any reason, we do not print; and to this rule we can make no exception, * great Skill and Experience in Physick, who after Perusal, told me, he had read my Book all over and consider'd every Line of it, and that he liked it all. Sir Richard Blackmore declared, that I had showed Mastership, other more particular Encomiums will be met with in the Second Part,† which was wrote as a Supplement, and to answer a groundless Objection to the first. Never QUERIES:-Christmas Tree-Circulating Library-Circulat-theless, both these Parts had the same Fate I was partly ing Medium-Burnside Family-Douglas-Harvey Duff' Puppets: Coal-wood-Constantine Simonides, 247Churches owned by Corporations-Battle of Kellinghausen -Coffee-House Sign-Sophy Daws-Baffles-Old PewterShelley Pedigree-Fleetwood-Seagrave-Stuart Exhibition Lord Derwentwater's Farewell Trevelyan-Possession is nine points of the law," 248-Oliver Cromwell-AngloNorman Genealogies-St. George as a Badge-Adam de Fulham-Authors Wanted, 249. REPLIES:-Cistern for a Dinner Table, 249-The Orthodox Direction for Building Churches, 250-Capt. J. GarnaultCountess of Blessington-Roodselken, 251-Beveridge or Belfrage-Medal of T. Johnson-George Lynn-Leighton Family-Cross Trees, 252-Wordsworth's Ode to the Cuckoo' -Schoolgirl's Epitaph-Col. Whitelocke-Book Muslin Lady Hill-Wetherby-Sugar-tongs-Russia, 253-Poetry for Children-Regimental Badges-Lockwood Family-Winter of Huddington-Choir-organ-Darcy-Flint Flakes-Uppish, 254-Popular Information-Byron's Monody on Sheridan -Colt-Cocker's 'Dictionary-St. Mark's, Venice, 255-St. Ediths in Western Calendar-Mrs. or Miss-Seringapatam, 256-Ffolkes Baronetcy-J. Grigor-Burial of a Horse-92nd Foot Salle Church-Cursing Stones-"Coming out of the little end of the horn," 257-Wordsworth and Shelley-Angell Estates Criticaster-Duggleby-Rossetti's Sonnets Curse of St. Ernulphus, 258-Authors Wanted, 259. NOTES ON BOOKS :-Black's' Heligoland'-Knight's 'Principal Shairp'-'Baron Munchausen'-' Richard III.'-Gallienne's Volumes in Folio.' Notes. WALTER LYNN, M.B. A "case" printed for distribution to the House of Commons in 1726 introduces a fresh name into the history of the steam engine that of Walter Lynn, who claims to have made considerable improvements upon Capt. Thomas Savory's invention. This document is, I think, worthy of preservation in 'N. & Q.': The Case of Walter Lynn, M.B. In relation to divers Undertakings of his; particularly for the Improvement of an Engine to raise Water by Fire, which would save a vast Expence of Coals to the Nation, &c. offer'd to the Parliament in 1726. With other Essays for the draining of Mines, improvement of Lands, &c. The Petition of Walter Lynn, M.B. humbly represents, that your Petitioner has for divers Years endeavoured to serve the Publick in different Ways and Capacities: as in the Year 1714, by publishing an Essay about the SmallPox; wherein he plainly shews what Methods might be used, easier and safer, than what were at that Time in use; and of so great Excellence, that the Patients managed in that Manner, should not only run no Hazards either of damaging their Face or Eyes,* but 'twas absolutely more secure than any other for the whole Body, there being scarce any one Chance against their doing well in this Way, tho' there is always a great many in the common Methods. This Treatise was show'd after publishing (as well as some Parts of it had been before) to a Person of very *P. 59. foretold they would; for shewing the first only to Dr. |