the Wyclif Society, p. 10, 1. 2. Our reformer is
speaking of eight sets of "religious," the black and
the white monks, the black and the white canons,
and the four orders of mendicant friars and the
money they draw out of England. He then says
of them, "Ista autem octo faciunt regnum Anglie
mingere sepum [sebum] suum.” Who shall say
that Falstaff did not read Wyclif and inspire
Shakspere, or toe-tap him the information from
the spirit-world?
F. J. F.

BURNSIDE FAMILY.-Can any of your readers give me information concerning the family of a certain Robert Burnside, who was born at Glasgow in or about the year 1777? Was he related to the American Burnsides? He probably had a brother, as there is known to have been a Thomas Burnside, who was a cousin of his daughter's, resident in Glasgow in (about) 1820. We believe that an uncle of this Robert Burnside did settle in America, or that his immediate ancestors came from there. His crest was a crescent argent. A daughter of a Lieut.-Col. Burnside was married in 1813 to Col. Sir J. E. Thackwell. H. BURNSIDE.

"To LISTER."-In some daily paper, either on or about Dec. 12, 1888 (in my note-book it is the Daily News of Dec. 12, but this is incorrect), I met with the expression "to lister a ship." I did not note the context, and so can now form no idea as to the meaning. I do not find the expression in any dictionary, and therefore send it to N. & Q'I F. CHANCE. Sydenham Hill.

IRISH FOLK-LORE: THE RAINBOW.-The other morning about 9.40 we had in view of our windows a very bright rainbow, but of very narrow space; apparently about two miles-the ends being visible. My old Irish gardener, noticing it, said that when a rainbow had both its ends "in one quarter land" it was a sign there would be a death in that locality within six months.

J. W. HARDMAN, LL.D.

39, Montserrat Road, Putney, S.W.

DOUGLAS.-Was Lord James Douglas slain at Teba in 1328, when the Spaniards deserted him? have read a splendid anecdote about his gallantry on the occasion. He was bearing the heart of the royal Bruce, in a silver box that he wore around his neck, to the Holy Land. He, finding himself deserted, flung the glorious relic before him into the thickest of the fray, crying,

Pass first into the fight as thou wast wont to do,'Tis Douglas follows in thy train to die. The box was treasured at Jaen till, in the Spanish Revolution, 1848 (?), the reformers and patriots stole it. His own heart, in a silver box, is still preserved in the cemetery of the Douglas family. C. A. WARD.

Walthamstow.

'HARVEY DUFF' AND 'THE PEELER AND THE GOAT.'-Can any of your readers help me to the words of these popular Irish ballads? The copies I have are obviously incomplete.

H. HALLIDAY SPARLING.

PUPPETS: COAL-WOOD.-' -The overseers' account book of Wakes Colne, Essex, under the year 1692, has this entry: "Paid for a hundred of pupets and 3 qrt. of a load of wood laid in for Hannah Knight 1. 9. 0." What are "pupets"? Perhaps some kind of faggot. For the year before the same Hannah Knight is allowed "2 loades of wood and a stack of coale wood," which cost 17. 10s.; and the year after "2 Load of Wood and 5 Quarters of Stackwood" at 17. 15. In 1690 occurs, "Paid for halfe a hund of tits for mary beets 0. 5. 0.” short faggote." I can find no explanation of "pupHalliwell's 'Dictionary' gives "Tit-faggots, small, pets." "Coal-wood" sounds like brushwood, such

as

burning, and seems to be a convertible term with
was used as kindling matter in charcoal
subject throw light on these terms?
stackwood. Will any one who has studied the

CECIL DEEDES.

CONSTANTINE SIMONIDES.-Many years ago a little work was published, 'A Biographical Memoir of Constantine Simonides,' by Charles Stewart (London). The book is apparently scarce, as after

Puritan, says: "Like Fleetwood, he cried in the
bitterness of his soul that God had hid his face
| from him.” To what circumstance in Fleetwood's
life do these words refer?
A. FELS.
Hamburg.

SEAGRAVE.-Can any one tell me how old the lordship of Seagrave, in North Leicestershire, is, and through what families it has passed? HISTORICUS.

STUART EXHIBITION.-On the back of the silver case containing a miniature of Charles I., painted by Samuel Cooper, and signed S. C., there is the following inscription:

'LORD DERWENTWATER'S FAREWELL.'-Who is the author of 'Lord Derwentwater's Farewell,' beSOPHY DAWS.-What became of Sophy Daws, ginning "Farewell to pleasant Dilston Hall." It is her large fortune and estate?

logia' (Lond., 1639, p. 256), has, "Possession is eleven points in the law." ED. MARSHALL.

OLIVER CROMWELL.-Mr. Frederic Harrison, in his excellent little book on Cromwell in the "Twelve English Statesmen" series, says :—

"But, as in his own age, so perhaps still, the memory of Cromwell has impressed itself on the imagination of foreigners more deeply than on that of his countrymen. It is an eminent statesman and a great historian of another country who has written: He is, perhaps, the only example which history affords of one man having governed the most opposite events, and proved sufficient for the most various destinies.' It is a philosopher of another country who has said: 'Cromwell, with his lofty character, is the most enlightened statesman who ever adorned the Protestant world." "

The "eminent statesman and great historian" is, I suppose, Guizot. Who is the "philosopher"? JONATHAN BOUCHIER.

ANGLO-NORMAN GENEALOGIES.-In Lieut.-Col. Vivian's recently published 'Visitations of Devon,' part x. p. 396, under the heading of Giffard of Halsbury,' it is stated that Richard the Fearless, Duke of Normandy, had a natural son, Geoffrey, Earl of Eu and Brione (ob. circa 1000), by a Danish lady named Gunelda. Geoffrey had issue Gilbert of Brione, Lord of Bec, Count d'Eu, and Captain of Tellières (ob. 1034), who married Gunora, daughter of Fulk Alan. From this marriage sprang (1) Richard FitzGilbert, Earl of Brione and Clare, grandfather of Strongbow; (2) Baldwin de Moels, who married Albreda, niece of William the Conqueror; (3) William Crispin, Lord of Bec, who married Eva de Montfort; and (4) Gilbert, Lord of Tellières, in Normandy. The son of the last-named, Ralph de Tellières, married his cousin, Rohais, daughter of Richard FitzGilbert by his wife Rohais, daughter of Walter Giffard, third Lord of Longueville, who was created Earl of Buckingham by William the Conqueror. The offspring of Ralph and Rohais-Robert de Tellières-is said to have assumed the name of Giffard, and settled at Whitchurch temp. Hen. II. No authorities are cited in support of this series of statements, and I should be glad to learn if any

of them rest on a substratum of fact.

ST. GEORGE AS A BADGE.—

Look at my George:-I am a Gentleman,
Rate me at what you will, you shall be paid.
'2 Hen. VI.,' IV. i. 29.

This couplet proves that the figure of St. George in
Shakespeare's time was already a recognized badge
of knighthood. How much further back is this
badge traceable? The order of the Garter dates
from 1349, and knights of that order bear a George
which is very much like that which was first
stamped on an English coin, nearly two centuries
later, when Henry VIII, minted his George nobles,

inscribed "Tali dicata signo mens fluctuari requit." Did the knights use the George noble as their badge; or had they an earlier medal of their own? JAMES D. BUTLER. Madison, Wis., U.S.

ADAM DE FULHAM.-In the twenty-fifth year
of Edward I. I find that one Adam de Fulham
was one of the two sheriffs of London. Can any
correspondent oblige me with any information re-
lative to this person? Any references to persons
bearing the surname of Fulham, ffulham, Foul-
ham, &c., would be very acceptable. Answers
may be sent direct to me. CHAS. JAS. FERET.
49, Edith Road, West Kensington, W.
AUTHORS OF QUOTATIONS WANTED.
He shoots higher far

Who aims the moon than he who aims a star.
NEMO.

Replies.

CISTERN FOR A DINNER TABLE.

(7th S. vii. 187.)

the table," may be taken in its general sense to The expression of Pepys, "a Copper Cisterne for mean that it was part of the equipment of a diningdoor leaden water-cistern, but not necessarily placed room, and as distinguished from an ordinary outsmall and hospitable establishment like that of the upon the actual dining-table, which, indeed, in a Secretary of the Admiralty would have been already full enough.

in the shape of, and in service as, coarse fluted In their modern use these cisterns first appear oval or round wine-coolers of copper, pewter, or bronze, and standing, with or without feet, upon the floor. Such a cistern-" bassin en cuivre recouvert de branches de vigne"-charged with its wine-flasks, may be seen in the foreground of Vander Helst's noble picture,' Het Schultersmaaltyd,' at Amsterdam, painted in commemoration of the peace of Westphalia in 1648. A precisely similar arrangement, with copper cistern, vine leaves, and all complete, is shown in a "conversation piece" by Palamedes in my possession. In a print of the period representing a banquet given at the Hague by the Estates of Holland to Charles II., on May 30, 1660, no such object appears at all, but a large wine-ewer stands on the floor. Six years later, when Pepys bought his copper cistern, silver ones were just coming in; and these, from their superior character, were probably soon placed as ornaments upon the dining-table, or on the side table or sideboard.

It is not quite clear whether in their new position the old use was at once abandoned, and the finer vessels treated simply as receptacles for flowing wine. This was, at any rate, an extravagant and barbarous practice, detrimental to the wine,

and attended with so much inconvenience that such a use could not have been frequent. Smaller cisterns, with fountains or taps, were, therefore, the next step, and these, in their turn, as the art of dining improved, were not found to provide the best means for seriously treating the wine; moreover, the monteith was just coming in, and a new want now arose.

beauty, the Duchess of Rutland. After dinner, and before the removing of the clotb, finger-glasses were placed before each, when a general rinsing of the mouth took place. Our “buck,” who sat next the duchess, seized her glass, so soon as she had finished operations, and, with an air of gallantry, drank the contents. The duke, observing this, said, "St. Leger, you are in luck; this is the night on which her ladyship washes her feet. You shall have a goblet." Even with this story before us, I cannot but think that plate and glass washing was done at the side. I have seen the silver cistern belonging to Earl Spencer, a gorgeous piece of plate, and this is always on the floor at the side table.

me.

HAROLD MALET, Colonel.

as to the use of the table cistern. It has often puzzled
I wish I could give MR. MOUNT any information
absurd. As MR. MOUNT wishes to obtain "men-
The plate rinsing suggestion seems quite
tion of the word or thing from the literature of the
offer the following notices, although not, strictly
seventeenth or eighteenth century," I venture to
speaking, literary. In the household books at
Althorp there is a list of things in the pantry, anno
lead," and a "cesterne of pewter." In Mr. Chaffers's
1607, and among them are "a little new cesterne of
'Hall Marks on Gold and Silver Plate,' &c., 1883,
P. 119, is a notice of a "Large Silver Cistern, dated
1681, the handles in form of peacocks, resting on
of the Duke of Rutland."
four lions' claws, weighing 2,000 oz., the property
A foot-note says: "It
holds 60 gallons, and is said to have been filled with
Caudle when the father of the present duke was born,
and with punch at the christening of the Marquis of
Granby, in Jan., 1814, the Prince Regent being

I gather from Mr. Cripps's charming book on 'Old English Plate' that towards the end of the seventeenth century the fashion was becoming general for the host to supply his guests with the plate necessary for their use at his table-twelve being a large set-and it became desirable, and a point of etiquette, to wash the forks and spoons in the dining-room from time to time during the progress of the dinner. For this purpose a cistern, whether of copper or silver, old or new, would equally serve; and the fortunate few who then possessed silver plates would have them rinsed in the same way. But silver cisterns could not have been common or often put to the baser use; but when they were discarded from the table, the more interesting monteith, with its movable rim, tall punch-glasses, lemon-strainer, and ladle took their place. No doubt copper cisterns of the old shape served indifferently for a time both as wine-coolers and wash-tubs until their use in the latter capacity came to be supplied by the oval lead-lined mahogany brass-bound tube, fitting into a frame with four short legs, and kept, when not wanted, in the open space arranged for it under the middle of the sideboard. From this position the tub was ousted in the time of Chippendale. The forks and spoons had increased to such a number that they had to be washed in the pantry, and the silver and china sponsor." J. DIXON. plates were similarly removed in open-fluted mahogany brass-bound buckets, with brass handles. [Very many more replies are held over, in case conThe place of the tub was now taken by the cel-dition of space should admit of their insertion.] larette, or by the hexagonal or octagonal brassbound lead-lined wine-cooler, with a hinged lid, and having a tap in the middle of the bottom. This had supplanted the earlier cistern, which has suggested this somewhat discursive note.

ALBERT HARTSHORNE.

I cannot conceive that such a thing as a receptacle for washing up plates, &c., in, should, even in the roughest period, have been placed on a dinner table. Such receptacles I have seen. I had one at one time that fitted into a side table; these I understand were for rinsing out glasses in. Might not Pepys he speaking of this side table. That rinsing, with its attendant splashing and mess have really been enacted, and on the table, only a hundred years ago, though in a different form to that imagined by MR. MOUNT, the following will testify. At a dinner party at Dublin Castle during the vice-royalty of the Duke of Rutland, 1784-87, a Col. St. Leger (a great "buck") was present, who was much enamoured of the justly celebrated

THE ORTHODOX DIRECTION FOR BUILDING CHURCHES (7th S. vii. 166).—The remarks of MR. STOCKEN on this subject are rather of the vaguest. His authority, Smith, of the Topography,' calls to recollection an observation he had read somewhere, but where he was unable to state, "that churches do not stand east and west, but immediately opposite to the sun as it rises on the day on which the saint died to whom the church is dedicated." Now for this statement neither Smith nor anybody else has ever given the slightest authority, contemporary or otherwise; but when a man has a theory to propound, it is marvellous how slight a basis will serve to support a theory of stupendous dimensions.

That most of our old cathedrals and churches stand in a rough way east and west is undeniable, but how they came to be so is far from clear. I am not aware of any church authority on the subject. Certainly there is no Papal rescript to